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Library: Historical Documents: William Floyd: Mistakes Of Jesus

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Mistakes Of Jesus

William Floyd

                  Author of "Social Progress,"
                    "People vs. Wall Street,"
                      "Our Gods on Trial,"
                        "War Resistance."

                            New York

               THE FREETHOUGHT PRESS ASSOCIATION.

                         Copyright 1932
             The Freethought Press Association, Inc.

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Contents

Forward

Face The Facts

The True Jesus

Scriptures Unauthentic

Faith In Jesus

Documentary Evidence

Retain The Good

Christianity Must Go

Antiquated Theology

The Virgin Birth

The Jewish Messiah

Eternal Damnation

The Atonement

Angels And Devils

False Impressions

Jonah And The Whale

End Of The World

Miracles

Eternal Life

Raising Lazarus

God's Protection

Belief In Prayer

Obscure Teachings

Witnesses And Fudge

Cannibalism

Religion Only For Children

Difficult Or Easy?

Charity

The Scriptures Upheld

Illogical

Parables Deceptive

Deficient Instructions

Labor

Usury

Economics

Punishment For Debts

Healing

Peace

Marriage

Celibacy

Adultery

Divorce

Faulty Judgment

Unconvincing

Prohibition

Lack of Experience

An Inferior Prototype

Cursing Nature

Forgiveness

Vituperation

Destruction of Property

Egotism

Lack of Courtesy

Unethical Advice

Sermon On The Mount

Inconsistency

Fear

Failure

Conclusion

Jesus a Myth

Judged by His Works

Ethical Evolution

Gains, not Losses

Code Of Living

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Foreword

THE tradition regarding Jesus is so glamorous that it is difficult to
review his life and character with an unbiased mind. While Fundamentalists
and Modernists differ regarding the divinity of Christ, all Christians and
many non-Christians still cling to preconceived notions of the perfection
of Jesus. He alone among men is revered as all-loving, omniscient,
faultless -- an unparalleled model for mankind.

This convention of the impeccability of Jesus is so firmly established that
any insinuation of error on his part is deemed a blasphemy. Doubting Jesus
is more impious than mocking God Almighty. Jehovah may be exposed to some
extent with impunity; a God who destroyed 70,000 of his chosen people
because their king took a census [Chron. xxi.] is too illogical for any but
theologians to worship. But the Son of God, or Son of man, is sacro-sanct.
Jesus is reverenced as the one man who has lived unspotted by the world,
free from human foibles, able to redeem mankind by his example.

Respect for the principles of Jesus is so inbred in American people of all
faiths that an attempt to disparage his worth is denounced as bad taste.
The detractor is suspected of being an immoral person, no matter how
convincing may be the proof which he presents. A conspiracy of silence is
directed against any system of ethics advanced as superior to the Sermon on
the Mount. In popular opinion Jesus never made a mistake; all his teachings
were infallible; no other view is tolerated.

Face The Facts

This unwillingness to acknowledge the shortcomings of Jesus is partially
due to fear of sustaining a great loss. The familiar answer to heretical
arguments is that faith should not be destroyed unless something can be put
in its place -- ignoring the fact that something always may be substituted
for beliefs destroyed. That substitute is faith in the world as it really
is. And our modern world, with all its shortcomings, is infinitely
preferable to the earth, or even the heaven, of the first century. We now
know that man can do more to eradicate sorrow than Jesus ever thought of.
We can have greater confidence in the world as revealed today than in the
doubtful traditions of Biblical times.

But suppose there were nothing to substitute for the myth destroyed, should
that deter the Truthseeker from continuing his investigation? Scientists do
not hesitate in their research because the result of a new discovery may be
disastrous. They seek the facts regardless of consciences; they want to
know the Truth about the physical world. Ethicists should have a similar
desire concerning the metaphysical world. They should have confidence that
the Supreme Intelligence (as Edison called it) will lead on to better
things.

The True Jesus

If Jesus was what his followers believe, no arguments will destroy their
faith in him; but if Jesus was not perfect, according to modern standards,
it is important that his status as God, or man, should be revised. Loss of
confidence in an erring idol is not loss of a true ideal.

When an iconoclast asserts that Jesus lacked supreme intelligence, the
natural question is, "How do you know that you are right in your appraisal,
'lest haply ye be found even to fight against God'?" The answer is that we
do not claim omniscience, but merely request everyone to use his or her own
judgment, with intellectual honesty, examining each act or saying of Jesus
without regard to presupposed ideas or tradition.

Scriptures Unauthentic

The consensus of scholarship has rejected the creation of the universe in
six days in 4004 B.C., science having proved the existence of the world for
millions of years. Higher Critics refuse to credit the book of Genesis,
according to the first chapter of which the trees, beasts and fowls were
created before man, but according to the second chapter after man. It is
not assuming too much for the humblest writer to say that Moses was
mistaken concerning many things he described in the Pentateuch. It follows
that if one important portion of the Bible is untrustworthy, other parts of
that same book may not be the infallible Word of God. The New Testament, as
well as the Old, may be examined critically, and if the gospels contain
numerous contradictions, the statements of the authors on any point,
including the life of Jesus, are open to question. A conscientious person
should reach conclusions based upon the best knowledge obtainable from all
sources.

If anyone is convinced that Jesus made mistakes, he is not necessarily
compelled to become an atheist. All other Gods that have been worshipped by
men have been found imperfect. The oft exposed errors of Jehovah do not
prevent Christians and Jews from professing belief in God. Those who
require support from outside themselves cling to the symbol of deity though
not thoroughly crediting any personality ever described in any sacred
scriptures. Except Jesus.

An Evolutionist passes beyond the negative denial of God to the
construction of a new philosophy in which Truth is his guide, Truth being
the nearest approximation to reality obtainable with our present knowledge.
Belief in the world as it is now, and as it is going to be, is a sufficient
creed.

Faith In Jesus

With Jesus entrenched in popular opinion, there is small probability that
faith in him will be shaken unless there is a preponderance of evidence
against his divinity. No one need abandon faith in Jesus until convinced
that something better has been found. No one should even expose himself to
heretical arguments unless he is a devotee of Truth. Then only can he
rejoice at a revelation of error in confidence that the more nearly the
universe is understood the better can man adjust himself to his
surroundings. A worshipper of Truth fears no destruction of false gods, nor
any facts that may cause him to throw over treasured superstitions. He is
willing to prove all things and hold fast to that which is true. He
rejoices when his idol is shattered, knowing that he is approaching nearer
to the true way of living, a way that Jesus did not adequately explain.

Any attempt to censure the character of Jesus will meet with the ridicule
it deserves unless substantiated by documentary evidence. The mere
improbability of events contrary to natural laws does not destroy the
ethical value of the teachings of the Nazarene. Anything might have
happened in the eerie days of old; the critic must do more than deny the
historicity of Jesus and the inspiration of the Bible. To be convincing he
must derive from the scriptures in which Christians believe whatever proof
can be deduced to unveil the superstition of a redeeming Savior.

Documentary Evidence

The documents most generally accepted by Christians are those collected in
the King James Version of the Bible. The Apocrypha and other early
manuscripts are unreliable. None of the thirty or more writers who
described events around Jerusalem in Jesus' time gives any account of his
teachings. The only life of Jesus is found in the four gospels; the
numerous biographers of Christ have had no other reliable source of
information. It is deceptive for the publishers of revised editions of the
Bible to claim that "original manuscripts" have been consulted. Not one of
the original manuscripts is in existence, the earliest extant dating from
the fourth century A.D., while the most ancient portion of the New
Testament in any museum was transcribed in the sixth century.

Accepting, therefore, the King James Version of the New Testament as the
most reliable source of information, the question arises as to what portion
of the chapters therein may be considered authentic. Scholars have rejected
the entire gospel of John as less reliable than the synoptic gospels; and
the sixteenth chapter of Mark as an addition after the original papyrus had
broken off. Modernists, being confronted, in spite of these deletions, with
inconsistencies in the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, have assumed the
further privilege of rejecting any verses which appear at variance with
their beliefs. Liberals of this class contend that the supernatural side of
Jesus may be disregarded and yet that Jesus will remain Our Lord. They
reject certain evangelistic passages that conflict with modem thought, but
accept other statements by the same authors as authoritative.

As the Christian churches have not accepted any abbreviation of the Bible
as a substitute for the King James Version, it seems proper for the critic
to have recourse to that translation as the most authentic description of
the life and teachings of Jesus. He is justified, moreover, in considering
every word in the supposedly inspired gospels as equally reliable. His only
concern should be to interpret each verse as nearly as possible as the
original writers intended their words to be understood, allowing for
Eastern hyperbole and the custom of the times.

Retain The Good

In preparing a critical analysis of the character of Jesus, it is freely
admitted that many of the thoughts attributed to the son of Mary are
superlatively fine. They will live forever whether the personality of Jesus
be rejected as a divinity or not. That these beautiful preachments are
ignored here is not due to any desire to belittle admirable sentiments or
to disparage right living. The loving side of Jesus has been emphasized
again and again and will be borne in mind by the reader when other less
admirable traits are criticized. The intent of this criticism is not to
destroy idealism but to assist the spirit of true progress.

Christianity Must Go

The significance of this investigation lies in the changes that would have
to be made in religious thought if it should be found that Jesus was not
perfect. If Jesus was in error concerning conditions of his own time and
exhibited no knowledge of our modern problems, his authority will be
lessened. Searchers after the true way of life will not continue to worship
a person whose conception of the physical and spiritual world was
erroneous. If Jesus made mistakes, he is neither the Son of God nor an
infallible man.

So long as people feel compelled to worship what has been proved imperfect,
or to evade important doctrines of their creeds for fear of losing faith in
old traditions, their minds will not be receptive to changes in social
conditions that require abandonment of established customs. Christians are
imbued with a psychology derived from a completed revelation. The firmer
their belief in Jesus, the greater their resistance to new ideas. Catholics
are more reluctant to join progressive movements than Modernists and
Modernists than Evolutionists. Religious people are apt to be afraid of the
new world; they doubt the possibility of eliminating war, poverty and
injustice -- customs as deeply rooted in the social world as belief in
Jesus is in the religious world. If the chief reactionary bulwark of the
past is abandoned, there will be greater possibility of accepting new
revelations.

What would happen if Christians should discover that their leader was not
an incomparable guide? Absolutely nothing at first, Those accustomed to
lead a moral life would continue to do so. Members of Christian churches
are the very people who most wish to do what is right. They will not lose
their character because Jesus has lost his fictitious divinity. On the
contrary, they will search for the most elevating principles to substitute
for the personality that has been found deficient. It is difficult for
people to be superior to their gods. These same church-going individuals,
when freed from the fetters of antiquated supernaturalism, will gradually
learn to serve mankind with the same devotion they now render to a
misunderstood God. They will no longer be limited by the defects of their
paragon in their efforts to make the most of life. They will seek to solve
modern problems in a rational way instead of deciding such matters as birth
control, divorce, war and prohibition by reference to the scriptures, as
they do now. For the first time they will make their decisions according to
the best knowledge obtainable today.

Jesus was in advance of his time. He declared that such revengeful theories
as an eye for an eye must be supplanted by forgiveness. But as the world
has evolved, Jesus has stood still. His teachings, superior as they were to
those of the ancient Israelites, are now found to be inferior to the best
ethics culled from the wisdom of the ages, brought down to date. It is
heartening to feel that we can appropriate the superlative principles of
all time instead of worshipping a deified personality who was limited to
the best that men of his own generation could conceive.

This examination of the life and character of Jesus will be based upon the
accounts in the New Testament. Each passage will be construed as appears to
the writer to have been originally intended. The reader may substitute his
own interpretation, but should in no instance pass lightly over a situation
as immaterial. Every word or action of Jesus is an important link in the
chain of his divinity, or of his exalted position as a moral guide. Each
argument should be met by acceptance or rejection, never with indifference.
No reader of the following pages should ever say, "What difference does it
make?" Everything concerning Jesus is of vast consequence in determining
whether he is or is not a divine Savior, or a perfect guide.

Antiquated Theology

THE first event in the life of Jesus, the gospel story of his birth, is now
considered unauthentic by many scholars and some theologians. The birth of
a virgin, the visitation of an angel, the star in the East are phenomena
contrary to natural laws and rest on insufficient authority for acceptance
as credible. The probabilities are against exceptions in the laws of the
universe.

The Virgin Birth

The original evidence for the virgin birth is found only in the gospels of
Matthew and Luke, two unknown historians, and both these evangelists
implicitly deny their own tale when they trace the descent of Jesus from
David through Joseph. [Matt. i; Luke iii.] The slaughter of the children by
Herod, in fear of Jesus as a rival, probably never took place. Mark, Luke
and John do not mention it; Josephus, who dwelt on the crimes of Herod,
knew nothing of this massacre. According to Luke, Mary and Joseph took
Jesus to Jerusalem openly soon after the supposed decree. [Luke ii, 22.]

There is dispute as to whether Jesus was born in Bethlehem or Nazareth, and
the date of his birth has been placed anywhere from 4 B.C. to 7 A.D.
Matthew says that Jesus was born "In the days of Herod", while Luke says it
was "When Cyrenius was governor of Syria." Herod died in 4 B.C., while
Cyrenius did not become governor of Syria unto 7 A.D.

The romantic story of the Christ-child is not corroborated by the
historians of the time and is in opposition to the theory of evolution by
natural processes. And yet it is still one of the main sources of Jesus'
fame, being repeated at Christmas-tide in the churches, thus connecting
Jesus with God in a superhuman manner.

The consensus of scholarship is in practical agreement that the theory of
the virgin birth as a link between Jesus and God is a mistake; but whose
mistake was it? Jesus never referred to his miraculous birth. If he was
merely a man and never heard of the rumor about his conception, he was not
to blame for the spread of this misleading story throughout Christendom.

While Jesus did not refer to his divine paternity in a physical sense, he
did endeavor to convince his hearers that he was more directly connected
with God than other men. "I and my Father are one." [John x, 30.] "No man
knoweth the Son but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save
the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal him." ["Matt. xi, 27.]

Jesus thus proclaimed himself identical with the Lord God of the Old
Testament who called himself Jehovah. This is entirely in keeping with the
whole Christian theory, for the reason d'e'tre of Jesus derived from the
act of God soon after the creation. Adam and Eve ate of the fruit of the
tree of the knowledge of good and evil which God had commanded them not to
touch, and for this disobedience, this fall of man from grace, God cursed
mankind. Jesus came to earth to save man from the wrath of Almighty God.

But this claim of Jesus to oneness with God renders him liable to censure
for the acts of Jehovah which represented a standard of ethics inferior to
that preached by the Son of God. According to the scriptures, which anyone
may freely search, God advised or countenanced deception ["Ezek. xiv, 9;
Num. xiv, 30-34.]; stealing [Ex. iii, 21-22.], selfishness [Deut. xiv,
21.], conquest by force [Num. xxxi et al.], indiscriminate slaughter [Ex.
xxxii, 27.], murder [Deut. vii, 16 et al.], cannibalism [Jer. xix, 9 et
al.], killing of witches ["Ex. xxii, 8.], slavery [Lev. xxv, 44-46.],
capital punishment for rebellious sons or for seeking false gods [Deut.
xxi, 18-21; xiii, 6-9.], sacrifices of animals [Lev. i, 14-15.] and other
acts representing the concepts of primitive men. ["See the Old Testament.]

While Jesus could read ["Luke iv, 16.] and was familiar with the
scriptures, it is possible that he was not acquainted with the system of
dictatorship formerly employed by his Father. Occasionally Jesus denounced
the ethics of "them of old time", but he always referred to his Father as
perfect.

The dilemma is that Jesus must be condemned either for claiming identity
with Jehovah (to whom he was really superior), or for accepting with only
slight improvements the tyranny of God as described in the Bible, the Word
of God. Of course if the Bible is not the Word of God, the whole system of
Christian theology falls to the ground.

The Jewish Messiah

Jesus claimed to be the Messiah expected by the Jews. "And the high priest
answered and said unto him, I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell
us whether thou be the Christ, the Son of God. Jesus saith unto him, Thou
hast said." [Matt. xxvi, 63-64.] "Again the high priest asked him, and said
unto him, Art thou the Christ, the Son of the Blessed? And Jesus said, I
am." [Mark xv, 61-62.] "Then said they all, Art thou then the Son of God?
And he said unto them, Ye say that I am." [Luke xxii, 70.] "The woman saith
unto him, I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is
come he will tell us all things. Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto
thee am he." [John iv, 25-26.]

These acknowledgments by Jesus that he was the Messiah are important, for
if he claimed divinity when he was merely mortal, either under false
pretence or being self-deceived, he made a mistake of the most serious
character. His claim was not recognized by his own people, and many of his
followers today deny that he was the Jewish Messiah. Jesus said that he
came from God to save the Jews. Either he was truly the predicted Messiah
or he made an inexcusable error. In this as in other instances to be cited,
Fundamentalists will not admit any mistake, for they believe in the
supernatural events connected with the Son of God. But Modernists, who
reject the anointed Christ while clinging to the human Jesus, may be at a
loss to reconcile Jesus' claim to Messiahship with their rejection of his
divinity.

Jesus stressed his mission to save the world, saying: "For God so loved the
world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him
should not perish, but have everlasting life." [John iii, 16.]

Eternal Damnation

Whether Jesus was mistaken or not in his estimate of his close relationship
with God is for each person to decide; but his theory of the disasters that
would follow unbelief in his divinity leads to serious difficulties if
accepted literally. For not only was Jesus in error when he insisted that
salvation depended upon belief, he was also reconciled to eternal suffering
for unbelievers. Note some of his expressions:

"If ye believe not that I am he, ye shall die in your sins." ["John viii,
24.] "Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the
devil and his angels ... And these shall go away into everlasting
punishment: but the righteous into life eternal." [Matt xxv, 31-46.]

"Whosoever shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never forgiveness,
but is in danger of etemal damnation." ["Mark iii, 29.]

"Except ye repent ye shall perish." [Luke xiii, 3.]

"If thy hand offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter into
life maimed, than having two hands to go into hell, into the fire that
never shall be quenched." [Mark ix, 43.]

"How can ye escape the damnation of hell?" [Matt. xxiii, 33.]

"He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved, but he that believeth
not shall be damned." [Mark xvi, 16.]

It is evident from these quotations that Jesus not only preached belief in
his divinity as essential to salvation, but endeavored to terrify people
into belief by threats of eternal torment. Jesus was responsible for the
theological conception of a fiery hell. If he was mistaken, if there never
was a place of torment for the wicked after death, is it not an act of
constructive criticism to expose the person most responsible for the false
doctrine that has caused so much fear and mental suffering? Must we not
deplore this mistake of Jesus and recast our entire opinion of him as a
religious teacher?

Are we not justified in stating positively that Jesus made a mistake when
he taught a physical hell and condemned people to spend eternity in torment
for the doubtful sin of disbelief?

The Atonement

The doctrine of the Atonement was taught by Jesus. "For this is my blood of
the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins."
[Matt. xxvi, 28.]

Whether this sacrifice of the innocent Jesus to save sinful man was ordered
by God or was voluntary on the part of Jesus, it represents a theory of
reprieve from punishment long since abandoned as unethical. If sin must be
punished, there is no justice in relieving the sinner and placing the
burden upon the righteous.

Moreover, the Atonement appears to have been ineffective, for in spite of
the sacrifice that Jesus made, few were to be saved under his scheme of
salvation. "Many are called but few are chosen." [Matt. xxii, 14.] "Strait
is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life, and few there
be that find it." [Matt. vii, 14.] "Strive to enter in at the strait gate:
for many, I say unto you, will seek to enter in, and shall not be able."
[Luke Xiii, 24.]

If the theory of Atonement for sin by the sacrifice of the innocent was not
ethical and if Jesus taught that doctrine, he was in error, was he not?

The sacrifice of Jesus was not so great as often made by men. Jesus was
sustained with the thought that he was saving the world; his physical
suffering was not long continued; on the night of his crucifixion he was in
paradise. [Luke xxiii, 43.] He endured a few hours of pain compared to
weeks of suffering by wounded soldiers, or years spent in prison by the
proponents of an ideal.

Jesus not only claimed the power to remit sins but also said to his
disciples: "Whosoever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them; and
whosoever sins ye retain, they are retained." [John xx, 23.]

Is that true? Surely it is proper to ask that blunt question. Here is a
definite statement concerning the power of certain men to remit sins. If
those men did not have the power deputed to them, must we not doubt the
accuracy of Jesus?

Jesus made a distinction between himself and the Comforter: "It is
expedient for you that I go away: for if I go not away, the Comforter will
not come unto you; but if I depart I will send him unto you ... And I will
pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may abide
with you forever." [John xiv, 16.]

It must surprise some Christians that the Comforter could not be present at
the same time with Jesus.

Angels And Devils

Jesus believed in angels and devils, often referring to these imaginary
supernatural beings as if they existed. "Thinkest thou that I cannot now
pray to my Father and he shall presently give me more than twelve legions
of angels?" [Matt. xxvi, 53.] "So shall it be at the end of the world: the
angels shall come forth." [Matt. xiii, 49.]

The devils were among the first to recognize Christ's divinity: "What have
we to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of God?" [Matt. Viii, 29.] "Let us
alone, thou Jesus of Nazareth; art thou come to destroy us? I know thee,
who thou art, the Holy One of God." [Luke iv, 34.] "And unclean Spirits
when they saw him, fell down before him, and cried, saying, Thou art the
Son of God." [Mark iii, 11.]

Jesus believed in demoniacal possession, casting out devils on several
occasions.

Jesus frequently referred to heaven as a place above the earth: "And then
shall they see the Son of man coming in the clouds with great power and
glory." [Mark xiii, 26] "And ye shall see the Son of man sitting on the
right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven." [Mark xiv, 62.]
"Verily, verily, I say unto you, hereafter ye shall see heaven open, and
the angels of God ascending and descending on the Son of man." [John i,
51.]

When Jesus was transfigured and talked with Moses and Ellas, he charged his
disciples, saying, "Tell the vision to no man, until the Son of man be
risen again from the dead." [Matt. xvii, 9.]

According to the creeds based upon the Bible, Jesus rose from the dead,
descended into hell, and ascended bodily into heaven. According to the
gospels he stilled the storm, walked on the water and told Peter to do so
and to find money in a fish's mouth and catch a large draught of fishes.
These and other miracles connected Jesus with God and were part of his
theology.

Every fair-minded person should re-read the gospels and refresh his memory
regarding the theology of Jesus. Then a decision must be reached as to the
correctness of the views expressed. Either conditions on earth were
different in the first century from those of the twentieth, or Jesus was
mistaken in his conception of God, heaven, hell, angels, devils and
himself.

False Impressions

Jesus not only held mistaken ideas about theology, as anyone but a
Fundamentalist must admit, but he often gave impressions about earthly
affairs that were unreliable to say the least. Occasionally his statements
were actual misrepresentations of fact.

Jonah And The Whale

"For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale's belly; so
shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the
earth." [Matt. xii, 40.]

Evidently Jesus believed the story of Jonah and the whale, as well as the
tale of Noah's ark [Luke xvii, 27; Matt. xxv, 38.] both of which are now
generally discredited. Moreover, his prophecy regarding his entombment was
inaccurate, for he was only two nights and one day in the heart of the
earth, from Friday night to Sunday morning.

End Of The World

Jesus was decidedly mistaken in his theory of the approaching end of the
world.

"Repent: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. [Matt. iv, 17.] "Ye shall
not have gone over the cities of Israel, till the Son of man be come."
[Matt X, 23.] "There be some standing here, which shall not taste of death,
till they see the Son of man coming in his kingdom." [Matt. xvi, 28; Mark
ix, 1.] "And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world
for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come ... Verily I
say unto you, This generation shall not pass, till all these things be
fulfilled." [Matt. xxiv, 74-34; Luke xxi, 32.] "The time is fulfilled, and
the kingdom of God is at hand." [Mark i, 15.] "So ye in like manner, when
ye shall see these things come to pass, know that it is nigh, even at the
doors. Verily I say unto you, that this generation shall not pass, till all
these things be done." ["Mark xiii, 29-30.] "The hour is coming, in the
which all that are in the graves shall hear his voice, and shall come
forth; they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they
that have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation." ['John v, 28-29.]

Jesus was confident that the day of judgment was coming in the first
century, but it has not come yet, nineteen hundred years later. This
erroneous belief in the imminent end of the world had an important bearing
upon his entire philosophy; for if the end of the world was so near it was
far more important to prepare for life hereafter than to be concerned over
mundane affairs. May we not view with doubt any of Jesus' teachings that
depended upon his mistaken conception of the duration of the world?

Miracles

Jesus is reported to have fed 5,000 people with five loaves and two fishes,
and again 4,000 with seven loaves and a few small fishes. He walked on the
water, calmed the seas, raised three persons from the dead and performed
other miracles contrary to natural laws. These wondrous acts were depended
upon by him to convince the people that he was the expected Messiah: "Go
and shew John again those things which ye do hear and see: the blind
receive their sight, and the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, and the
deaf hear, the dead are raised up, and the poor have the gospel preached to
them." ["Matt. xi, 4-5.]

Jesus assured his disciples that they too would be able to perform
miracles: "And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall
they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; they shall take up
serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them; they
shall lay hands on the sick and they shall recover." [Mark xvi, 17-18.] "He
that believeth on me, the works that I do shall he do also; and greater
works than these shall he do." [John xiv, 12.]

Jesus set great store by these marvels that only magicians attempt
nowadays. Ministers of the apostolic succession cannot cast out devils or
take up serpents, and they are affected by deadly drinks the same as
others. Jesus had a primitive idea of the value of such magic. Either he
sought to deceive the gullible, or, as is more likely, was himself
over-credulous. It is important to remember that Jesus stressed the value
of enchantment and advised his successors to conjure in his name.

If the miraculous had not been connected with the name of Jesus, it is
probable that he never would have been heard of. His ethical teachings
alone would not have won for him the exalted position that has come from
the stories of his miraculous birth, life and ascension. In other words,
his fame rests upon the supernatural side of his life that is now
discredited by many of his followers.

Eternal Life

The remarks of Jesus on the subject of death were not accurate. "If a man
keep my saying, he shall never see death." [John viii, 51.] "Whosoever
liveth and believeth in me shall never die." [John xi, 26.]

Apparently Jesus referred to natural death, in which case he was utterly
mistaken; but if he meant that believers in him should live forever in
heaven, even so he gave a false impression; for there is no evidence that
life after death is assured to Christians more than to others. Unbelievers
were also to have eternal life, though in torment.

Raising Lazarus

Jesus took advantage of opportunities, even of death, to create dramatic
effects. The eleventh chapter of John shows that when Lazarus was reported
ill, Jesus said, "This sickness is not unto death, but for the glory of
God, that the Son of God might be glorified thereby." So Jesus let Lazarus,
one of the believers whom he loved, die [John xi, 6.] in order that he
might have the triumph of raising him from the dead. "Then said Jesus unto
them plainly, Lazarus is dead. And I am glad for your sakes that I was not
there, to the intent ye may believe."

The confusion between earthly death and loss of eternal life was shown in
the remark of Jesus to Martha: "I am the resurrection and the life: he that
believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live." This might be
construed to mean that believers should have eternal life hereafter, but
Jesus evidently had reference to life on earth for he proceeded to raise
Lazarus from the dead and cause him to live again on earth with his
sisters.

When Martha reminded Jesus that Lazarus had been dead four days, Jesus
replied, "Said I not unto thee, that, if thou wouldest believe, thou
shouldest see the glory of God?" But Jesus himself had doubts of his
ability to bring back Lazarus to life, as shown by his spontaneous prayer
of thanks: "Father, I thank thee that thou hast heard me." Then he revealed
again his desire to dramatize the occasion, saying, "And I knew that thou
hearest me always: but because of the people which stand by I said it, that
they may believe that thou hast sent me."

"Then many of the Jews which came to Mary, and had seen the things which
Jesus did, believed on him." Do the followers of Jesus, who claim that he
made no mistakes, believe on him? If so, they must believe that he raised
Lazarus from the dead as he claimed to have done. Do they believe that they
can also raise people from the dead? Jesus so assured them when he promised
that believers could do greater works than he performed. No, Jesus gave a
false impression of his power.

God's Protection

Jesus continued his deception of the world by promising protection that has
never been accorded. "Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? And one of
them shall not fall on the ground without your Father. But the very hairs
of your head are all numbered. Fear ye not therefore, ye are of more value
than many sparrows." [matt. X, 29-31.]

These sayings may properly be taken as symbolical or allegorical; but the
evident intention was to assure his followers that God would protect them
in their daily life. Safety was promised for believers, a safety that has
been lacking for everyone. There is no evidence that God does protect
believers any more than unbelievers. When the Titanic went down, those who
perished were not solely the wicked persons; there was no distinction in
the terrible disaster between 'believers and unbelievers.

Jesus created in the minds of his hearers and his followers the idea that
God was watching each individual to save him from danger, but this,
unfortunately, is not a fact. It sounds comforting; it makes people feel
nearer to God; but experience proves that no such close relationship
exists. Jesus gave a false impression of God's loving care for men.

Belief In Prayer

Modern religious people may still consistently believe in prayer as a form
of inward aspiration, but it is difficult to take literally the assurance
given by Jesus of practical accomplishments by means of prayer in his name.

Jesus did not confine himself to promising spiritual results from prayer,
but distinctly gave it to be understood that the physical world would
respond to petitions to Jehovah. "Again I say unto you, That if two of you
shall agree on earth as touching any thing that they shall ask, it shall be
done for them of my Father which is in heaven." [Matt. xviii, 19.] "If ye
have faith, and doubt not, ye shall not only do this which is done to the
fig tree, but also if ye shall say unto this mountain, Be thou removed, and
be thou cast into the sea; it shall be done. And all things whatsoever ye
shall ask in prayer, believing, ye shall receive." [Matt. xxi, 21-22.]
"What things soever ye desire, when ye pray, believe that ye receive them,
and ye shall have them." [Mark xi, 24.] "If ye have faith as a grain of
mustard seed, ye shall say unto this mountain, Remove hence to yonder
place; and it shall remove: and nothing shall be impossible unto you."
[Matt. xvii, 20.]

These promises have not been fulfilled. Bishops, priests and deacons with
strong faith have been unable to obtain, by means of the most sincere
prayer, results similar to those indicated, They have followed Jesus in
vain. No man living dare put his faith to the test by a public
demonstration of prayer for physical changes. Christian prayers for rain
are conventional, not being offered with confidence that rain will follow.

Jesus has misled us.

Obscure Teachings

MANY of the sayings of Jesus lacked clarity. Various interpretations have
been put upon them by scholars of distinction. No one is sure what was
meant.

According to the gospels, Jesus was descended from David, but Jesus
mystified his hearers on this descent, saying: "If David then call him
Lord, how is he his son?" [Matt. xxii, 41-45.]

Witnesses And Fudge

On the subject of witnesses there is great confusion. "If I bear witness of
myself, my witness is not true." [John v, 31.] "Though I bear record of
myself, yet my record is true." [John viii, 14.] "It is also written in
your law, that the testimony of two men is true. I am one that bear witness
of myself, and the Father that sent me beareth witness of me." [John viii,
17-18.] "I and my Father are one." [John x, 30.] "My Father is greater than
I." [John xiv, 28.]

This and the following instruction regarding judicial procedure are far
from clear. Jesus acknowledged the principle of law requiring more than one
witness but said that in his case the only other witness necessary was his
Father, although he and his Father were one.

Jesus is supposed to be the judge of the world, but his statement of the
case leaves the issue ambiguous. "For the Father judgeth no man, but hath
committed all judgment unto the Son." [John v, 22.] "I judge no man. And
yet if I judge, my judgment is true." [John viii, 16.] "And if any man hear
my words, and believe not, I judge him not: for I came not to judge the
world, but to save the world." [John xii, 47.] "For judgment I am come into
this world, that they which see not might see; and that they which see
might be made blind." [John x, 39.]

The quality of reasoning employed in these instances has naturally led to
theological quibbling. If Jesus can argue in that fashion, so can his
followers, at the expense of intellectual honesty.

Cannibalism

The Jews could not understand what Jesus meant when he said: "Except ye eat
the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you.
Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life." [John vi,
53-58.]

Religion Only For Children

Nor are these sayings clear: "I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and
earth, because thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent, and
hast revealed them unto babes." [Matt. xi, 25.] "Whosoever shall not
receive the kingdom of God as a little child, he shall not enter therein."
[Mark x, 15.]

This train of thought implies that education is of no importance where
belief is concerned.

Difficult Or Easy?

After enumerating the many hardships that must be endured by his followers,
Jesus contradicted himself by saying, "For my yoke is easy, and my burden
is light." [Matt xi, 30.]

Charity

There are apparent contradictions in his instructions regarding charity:
"Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and
glorify your Father which is in heaven." [Matt v, 16.] "Take heed that ye
do not your alms before men, to be seen of them: otherwise ye have no
reward of your Father which is in heaven." [Matt vi, 1.]

The Scriptures Upheld

Jesus reverenced the Hebrew Old Testament. "Think not that I am come to
destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.
For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one
tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled." [Matt v,
17-18.]

And yet Jesus was the reformer, overthrowing ancient customs, renouncing
the old principle of a tooth for a tooth, improving upon the Mosaic law. He
was inconsistent.

Illogical

The logic of Jesus is often difficult to follow.

"And when he is come, he will reprove the world of sin, and of
righteousness, and of judgment: of sin because they believe not on Me; of
righteousness, because I go to my Father, and ye see me no more; of
judgment, because the prince of this world is judged." [John xvi, 8-11.]

Jesus admitted his obscurity: "These things have I spoken unto you in
proverbs: but the time cometh, when I shall no more speak unto you in
proverbs, but I shall shew you plainly of the Father." [John xvi, 25.]

That time has never come.

Parables Deceptive

Jesus explained his obscurity in this way: "Unto you it is given to know
the mysteries of the kingdom of God: but to others in parables; that seeing
they might not see, and hearing they might not understand." [luke viii,
10.] "But unto them that are without, all these things are done in
parables: that seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may
hear, and not understand; lest at any time they should be converted, and
their sins should be forgiven them." Mark iv, 11-12.]

In other words, Jesus, who said he came to save the world, concealed his
meaning for fear some of his hearers should be converted and their sins be
forgiven -- which is exactly what he sought to bring about.

Obscurity in a teacher is a great defect, especially when he glories in his
ambiguity. If any Christians wish that Jesus had been more clear, then
Jesus does not appear perfect to them, and they should admit his
imperfections.

Deficient Instructions

IN A number of instances the teachings of Jesus are so incomplete, or so
inappropriate, as to render no assistance in meeting similar situations in
modern life. Either his meaning is not clear, or his instructions are too
primitive to be applicable to our civilization.

Labor

The relation between employer and employee is one that requires practical
guidance. Let us see what information Jesus gave on this important subject.

The parable of the laborers [Matt. xx, 1-16.] relates that an employer
hired men to work in his vineyard for twelve hours for a penny, and that he
paid the same wage to other workers who toiled only nine, six, three and
one hour. When those who had worked longest resented this treatment, as
modern strikers would, the employer answered, apparently with Jesus'
approval: "Friend, I do thee no wrong: didst not thou agree with me for a
penny? Take that thine is, and go thy way: I will give unto this last, even
as unto thee. Is it not lawful for me to do what I will with mine own? Is
thine eye evil, because I am good? So the last shall be first, and the
first last."

This parable may be a comfort to autocratic employers, sustaining them in
their determination to dominate labor, but the principles enunciated are
lacking in social vision. Equal pay for unequal work is approved, and the
employer is vindicated in regulating wages and hours as he sees fit without
regard for Justice or the needs of the workers. In the manner of modern
employers, the "goodman" calls his worker "Friend" but treats him with
contempt. Jesus taught that the workers were wrong in demanding justice,
that the employer was justified in acting erratically, as the money paid
was his. He presented the issues between capital and labor and sided with
capital. He stated the fact that the first shall be last, but said nothing
to remedy that unfortunate situation. He did not explain how workers could
obtain proper compensation for their labor.

Jesus assumed a fair attitude when he said, "The laborer is worthy of his
hire", and, "It is enough for the disciple to be as his master, and the
servant as his lord", but he continued with doubtful logic: "If they have
called the master of the house Beelzebub, how much more shall they call
them of his household", implying that if an employer is worldly-minded his
servants will be even worse.

Little respect is shown for employees in the remark, "The hireling fleeth,
because he is an hireling, and careth not for the sheep." [John x, 13.]
Probably in those days as now many an employee stuck to his post nobly to
do his duty.

The meaning is obscure in his other comment upon an employer who told his
tired servant to serve his master first, ending with the enigma, "We are
unprofitable servants: we have done that which was our duty to do." [Luke
xvii, 10.]

Usury

In the parable of the talents the servant who did not put his money out at
usury to make profits was condemned: "And cast ye the unprofitable servant
into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth." [Matt.
xxv, 30] Punishment was to be severe in Jesus' program; the disobedient
servant "shall be beaten with many stripes." Jesus did not advise leniency
in such instances except that "he that knew not, and did commit things
worthy of stripes, shall be beaten with few stripes. [Luke xii, 47-48.] In
his estimation the servant was a slave to be punished corporeally by his
master, even if ignorant of his wrong-doing.

A Dr. Taylor, former Yale College theologian, is reported to have said: "I
have no doubt that if Jesus Christ were now on earth he would, under
certain circumstances, become a slave-holder." A Southern divine in 1860
could well maintain that slavery was approved in both Old and New
Testaments, but no Christian would now impute slave-holding to Jesus. The
standard of human relationships has improved since slave-holding days in
America. The modern attitude toward servants, through by no means perfect,
is superior to the relationships between master and servants accepted by
Jesus. Slavery was the custom of the times and Jesus did not rise above it.

In the parable of the unmerciful servant [Matt. xviii, 23-24.] Jesus taught
the duty of forgiveness. He rightly rebuked the servant who oppressed his
subordinates after being well treated by his lord. But the punishment
suggested by Jesus for the abominable conduct was extremely harsh: "And his
lord was wroth and delivered him to the tormenters, till he should pay all
that was due unto him." Torture for criminals was thus taught by Jesus.

Jesus, apprenticed to his father in his youth, never did any practical work
so far as we know. He lived on the charity of others, setting an example
that would bring trouble to anyone who followed in his train. If anything,
he was an agitator, a peripatetic propagandist, teaching what he believed
right but not working to support himself and therefore not being a good
example for the workaday world today.

Economics

Nothing in the teachings of Jesus was more definite than his denunciation
of riches.

"Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth ... A rich man shall hardly
enter into the kingdom of heaven ... It is easier for a camel to go through
the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God
... The rich man also died, and was buried; and in hell he lifted up his
eyes, being in torments ... Woe unto you that are rich."

These strictures upon the rich appear somewhat severe, and Jesus went much
farther, condemning even ordinary thrift and precaution. [Matt. vi, 25-31,
discussed under the Sermon on the Mount.]

According to Acts 11, 44-45 and iv, 32, "All that believed were together
and had all things common; and sold their possessions and goods, and parted
them to all men, as every man had need ... Neither said any of them that
aught of the things which he possessed was his own; but they had all things
common."

It is to be presumed that the disciples practiced this communism at the
instruction of Jesus. If Jesus approved of communism was he right or wrong?

"Blessed be ye poor". [Luke vi, 20.]

Poverty is not a blessing but a curse. Jesus taught the theory that the
poor would be rich hereafter while the rich would be in hell.

Punishment For Debts

We have seen that Jesus expected an unjust servant to be tormented until he
paid in full. There are also other evidences that he approved of
imprisonment for debt. "Agree with thine adversary quickly, while thou art
in the way with him; lest at any time the adversary deliver thee to the
judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into
prison. Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence,
till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing." [Matt. v, 25-26.]

A legislator who patterned his life after Jesus would be justified in
enacting laws imprisoning for debt and scourging for misdemeanors.

Some may say that the sentiments expressed by Jesus were not mistakes but
merely presented the customs of his day. Possibly he did not intend to
advise all that he seemed to approve; but if Jesus was a practical and
prophetic guide he should have made it clear that he did not sanction the
actions he apparently commended.

In the parable of the pounds the nobleman, seemingly with the approval of
Jesus, denounced the servant as wicked who did not put his lord's money in
the bank to draw interest. [Luke xix, 23.] And in the parable of the
talents the lord rewarded those who had made 100 per cent profit through
speculation." [Matt. xxv, 20.]

Another contradiction of his theory of the blessedness of poverty was his
promise that those who followed him "shall receive a hundredfold now in
this time, houses, and brethren, and sisters, and mothers, and children,
and lands, with persecutions; and in the world to come eternal life." [Mark
x, 30.]

Finally, Jesus stated the unfortunate truth, "Whosoever hath, to him shall
be given, and he shall have more abundance: but whosoever hath not, from
him shall be taken even that he hath." [Matt. xiii, 12.] If Jesus did not
approve of that worldly method of distribution, he could have denounced its
injustice instead of leaving the comment as if it expressed his own policy.

Healing

Many Christians value Jesus most for his healing powers, but Jesus looked
upon disease almost as he did upon demoniacal possession, as something evil
that could be cast out. "But that ye may know that the Son of man hath
power on earth to forgive sins (then saith he to the sick of the palsy)
Arise, take up thy bed, and go into thine house." [Matt. ix, 6.] There was
confusion in his mind between sin and sickness.

Jesus healed leprosy and palsy by touching the sick person; he healed the
servant of the centurion by absent treatment, and restored sight by
spitting on the eyes [Mark viii, 23.] or anointing them with clay made with
spittle [John ix, 6.], or by requiring faith. [Mark x, 52.] He healed a
withered hand, cured impediments in speech and deafness, all without
medical applications, even replacing an ear severed by a sword. [Luke xxii,
51.]

Christian Scientists practice the same methods with confidence in success,
but medical and surgical treatment are the most reliable means of effecting
cures, disappointing as they are. If Jesus could cure disease, it was
remiss of him not to instruct men definitely in his methods so that the
suffering from illness that has afflicted the world could have been
averted.

Jesus did not isolate the germ of leprosy, or establish any practicable
method of preventing disease. He has been of less value to the world as a
healer than Pasteur, Lister, Koch, or Walter Reed.

Some Christians will say that Jesus did not tell us how to avoid illness
because man needs to be chastened by pain. If that is correct, if pain and
disease are sent by God and are consciously permitted by Jesus, sick people
should be allowed to suffer instead of trying to heal them.

Peace

Jesus has been called the Prince of Peace, but the weight of his testimony
is not on the side of absolute pacifism. With his view of rendering unto
Caesar the things that are Caesar's, it is possible that he would have
advised young men to obey the state and enlist, or accept the draft,
whenever their country called.

On November 12, 1931, Rev. Dr. T. Andrew Caraker said at a banquet of the
American Legion in Baltimore that if Jesus Christ had lived in 1917 He
would have been the first to volunteer in the American army, the first to
wear a gas mask, shoulder a rifle and enter the trenches.

Other ministers derive from the same gospels the belief that Jesus would
not have stabbed Germans with a bayonet. Nor would Jesus have advised
others to fight if he had been unwilling to fight himself.

Most of the sayings of Jesus regarding violence or non- resistance were
intended to apply chiefly to personal relationships; he said little of
international strife. What he did say showed placid acceptance of the war
system:

"And ye shall hear of wars and rumors of wars: see that ye be not troubled:
for all these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet. For nation
shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom." [Matt. xxiv, 6-7.]

"And when ye shall hear of wars and rumors of wars, be ye not troubled: for
such things must needs be; but the end shall not be yet. For nation shall
rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom." [Mark xiii, 7-8.]

"But when ye shall hear of wars and commotions, be not terrified: for these
things must first come to pass; but the end is not by and by. Then said he
unto them, Nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom."
[Luke xxi, 9-10.]

These verses have a more direct bearing on war as we now know it than any
of his other sayings. They show his belief in the inevitability of war.
Apparently he did not feel himself competent to counteract general mass
militarism. He offers no program for arbitration of international disputes,
no substitute for war between nations, no policy of war resistance.

When Jesus advised non-resistance, saying to his follower, "Put up again
thy sword into his place: for all they that take the sword shall perish
with the sword," [Matt. xxvi, 52.] he was merely stating the danger of
using violence, not the immorality of employing force. In fact, he
commanded his disciples to take the very sword which he later told them to
sheathe: "He that hath no sword, let him sell his garment, and buy one ...
And they said, Lord, behold, here are two swords. And he said unto them, It
is enough." [Matt. xxvi, 52.]

Thus Jesus, the supposed non-resistant, prepared his followers with swords.
These swords were for defense, and when the time came he repudiated even
that use of the weapons, but, nevertheless, he armed his disciples instead
of adhering to his principle of non- resistance. He did not set a positive
example of disarmament.

Jesus said: "Blessed are the peacemakers ... love your enemies ... Have
peace one with another ... On earth peace, good will toward men ... Peace I
leave with you, my peace I give unto you ... These things have I spoken
unto you that in me ye might have peace ... Resist not evil: but whosoever
shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also."

Other remarks of Jesus favored violence: "Think not that I am come to send
peace on earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword." [Matt. x, 34.]
"Suppose ye that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you, Nay; but
rather division." [ Luke xii, 21-22.] "But those mine enemies, which would
not that I should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them before me."
[Luke xix, 27.] "My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of
this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to
the Jews." [John xviii, 36.] "When a strong man armed keepeth his palace,
his goods are in peace: but when a stronger than he shall come upon him,
and overcome him, he taketh from him all his armor wherein he trusted, and
divideth his spoils." [Luke xi, 21-22.] "And when he had made a scourge of
small cords, he drove them all out of the temple." [John ii, 15.]

In determining whether or not Jesus was a promoter of peace it is only
reasonable to review everything that he said or did relating to the use of
violence, giving equal weight to every verse. We cannot accept one
statement and reject the others. The conclusion reached must be that Jesus
was inconsistent in advocating both non-resistance and the use of force. He
took diametrically opposed positions, the use of swords and scourges and
non-resistance being mutually exclusive. Jesus preached non- resistance and
at the same time armed his retainers with two swords. He advocated turning
the other cheek but did not criticize war. Therefore, pacifists and
militarists, with their opposite philosophies, should both admit that at
times Jesus was mistaken.

Marriage

Jesus occasionally eulogized marriage: "For this cause shall a man leave
father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be
one flesh ... What therefore God hath Joined together, let not man put
asunder." [Matt. xix, 5-6.]

Celibacy

On other occasions he made remarks which indicated his preference for
celibacy as the higher state, the one he adopted for himself. "In the
resurrection they neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but are as the
angels of God in heaven." [Matt. xxii, 30.] "The children of this world
marry, and are given in marriage: but they which shall be accounted worthy
to obtain that world, and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry,
nor are given in marriage. [Luke xx, 34-35.] "I say unto you, That
whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with
her already in his heart." [Matt. v, 28.] "There are some eunuctis which
were so born from their mother's womb: and there are some eunuchs, which
were made eunuchs of men: and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves
eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake. He that is able to receive it,
let him receive it." [Matt. xix, 12.] "There is no man that hath left ...
wife, or children for the kingdom of God's sake, who shall not receive
manifold more in this present time, and in the world to come life
everlasting." [Luke xviii, 29-30.]

Jesus referred to the absence of marriage in heaven, the ideal realm.
Paul's testimony adds to the evidence that Jesus considered celibacy
preferable to any form of sex expression, even marriage.

Adultery

On the other hand, Jesus was tolerant of sex offenses. He chatted in a
friendly manner with the woman of Samaria, saying: "Thou hast had five
husbands; and he whom thou now hast is not thy husband." [John iv, 18.] And
about the woman taken in adultery he said: "He that is without sin among
you, let him first cast a stone at her ... Neither do I condemn thee: go
and sin no more." [John viii, 7- 11.] "The harlots go into the kingdom of
God before you." [Matt. xxi, 31.]

Divorce

Jesus sanctioned divorce. His followers are so annoyed at this fact that
they frequently quote the verse on the subject with the offensive clause
omitted. The text reads: "It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his
wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement: But I say unto you, That
whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication,
causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is
divorced committeth adultery." [Matt. v, 31-32.] Again in Matthew xix, 9,
he makes the same exception. It is evident, therefore, that Jesus permitted
divorce for one cause. If the wife was unfaithful the husband could divorce
her, but otherwise no matter how unhappy the couple might be, they must
remain married.

The admirable leniency of Jesus toward sex offenders, and his permission to
divorce, must seem like mistakes to churchmen who consider extramarital sex
relations the unforgivable sin. And everyone must see the danger of having
our judges adopt as a principle of justice the dismissal of offenders on
the ground that the prosecutors have also sinned.

A Christian girl of today would not be encouraged by the most zealous
religious parents to marry a man exactly like Jesus.

Faulty Judgment

Jesus selected Judas to be the treasurer of the apostles' joint funds, but
later admitted his error, saying: "Have I not chosen you twelve, and one of
you is a devil? He spoke of Judas Iscariot the son of Simon: for it was he
that should betray him, being one of the twelve." [John vi, 70-71.]

Jesus erroneously supposed that "salvation is of the Jews." [John iv, 22.]
"Go not into the way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the Samaritans
enter ye not: but go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel."
[Matt. x, 5-6.] A nationalistic and partial spirit is expressed in these
sentences, a spirit that has been followed to the extent that Jesus would
not be permitted to enter America if he applied for a visa.

Unconvincing

Jesus failed in his mission to save the world. He made the supreme
sacrifice in vain. His method of proving his divinity did not convince his
hearers: "But though he had done so many miracles before them, yet they
believed not on him." [John xii, 37.] "For neither did his brethren believe
in him." [John vii, 5.] After he had healed many, cast out unclean spirits
and appointed his twelve apostles to do likewise, his friends "went out to
lay hold on him: for they said, He is beside himself." [Mark iii, 21.]

Jesus admitted his impotence as a human being when he said, "I can of mine
own self do nothing." [John v, 30.] Even with the assistance of his Father
he did not accomplish what he set out to do.

Prohibition

The miracle of turning water into wine, providing one hundred gallons of
wine after the people at the party had "well drunk", must appear to
prohibitionists like a mistake on the part of Jesus. Many Methodists and
Baptists would have preferred to have him turn the wine into water; yet
they will not admit that Jesus made a mistake.

Lack of Experience

So far as the gospels relate, Jesus never had any experience with three of
the chief difficulties of human life -- sex, earning a living and illness.
He was therefore less able to explain those relationships than one who has
struggled through in the customary manner of mankind. To take the
inexperienced Jesus as our guide in practical living would be like a
traveller who was planning a trip over perilous mountains and engaged as a
guide a man who had never crossed the mountains.

As Jesus believed that the end of the world was approaching, and as he
revealed no information about the future, his teachings should be taken as
applying solely to his own time. A divinity living now would preach far
differently from the inadequate doctrines of Jesus.

The abandonment of reliance upon a Jesus who has not changed in nineteen
hundred years, in favor of an Evolutionary philosophy that requires
constant change, leads to a new conception of the world and its
possibilities for man. A person who has thought himself out of antiquated
theology may be expected to have an open mind towards the betterment of
human customs.

Every improvement in human relationships originates secularly and is
adopted by the Church only after a bitter struggle. Faith in Jesus is a
reactionary force. The Christian opposes change in the creations of God;
the Evolutionist seeks to alter every unsatisfactory condition. The
Evolutionist is more responsive than the orthodox Christian to proposals
for promoting the happiness of the human race. Many liberals have abandoned
conservatism because they saw the hypocrisy in Christianity.

An Inferior Prototype

ORTHODOX Christians accept both Old and New Testaments as authority for
their actions, whereas Modernists are not much concerned with the commands
of Jehovah but maintain that Jesus is the pattern for their lives.
Religious liberals feel that the troubles of the world come largely from
failure to follow the teachings of the Nazarene. They look upon him as the
perfect example of what a man should be. In their opinion, if everyone
would act as Jesus did all would be well.

On December 7, 1931, Dr. Henry Van Dyke preached at the Brick Presbyterian
Church, New York City, that the way to end the financial depression was to
act as Jesus would: "We can judge only by what he did and said in the first
century, an age not so different from our own, an age of unsettlement,
violence, drunkenness and license. Christ would tell us not to yield to
panic ... Christ would not tell us to join any political party or social
group ... "

Such a sermon sounds encouraging but, as a matter of fact, Jesus has not
shown any of his ministers how to end the depression. To trust him for
guidance in our modern world is to pin faith on an incompetent instructor.
We can learn how to end the depression by examining the records of our own
time and by correcting the errors that have been made. It is not safe to
rely upon a person who had no knowledge of America's practical needs and
whose acts and advice regarding worldly affairs in Jerusalem fell short of
the best ethical values.

In this treatise it has been shown that Jesus made mistakes. Every instance
cited may not appeal to all readers as worthy of criticism, but there can
be no doubt in the mind of any honest thinker that several at least of
Jesus' ideas were erroneous. His theology was filled with superstitions,
his cosmology was that of the pre-scientific era, he expected the end of
the world within a generation, his conception of sin was theological rather
than ethical, he failed to convince his hearers by his oratory, he
exaggerated the results from prayer and he related parables that gave a
false sense of values.

Now we shall turn to his personal character and teachings to see if he was
always the meek, gentle soul portrayed by the conventional Christ.

Cursing Nature

The act in Jesus' life that has been most difficult for theologians to
explain was the cursing of the fig tree. The tree was created to bear fruit
in the Summer, but when Jesus found it without fruit in the Spring, he
cursed it so that it withered away.

"Now in the morning, as he returned into the city, and when he saw a fig
tree in the way, he came to it, and found nothing thereon, but leaves only,
and said unto it, Let no fruit grow on thee henceforth for ever. And
presently the fig tree withered away." [Matt. xxi, 18-19.] "For the time of
figs was not yet." [Mark xi, 13.]

This episode involves several mistakes -- ignorance of the seasons;
destruction of a profitable food-producing tree; exhibition of temper when
thwarted, and giving false information regarding man's power to effect
physical changes by a curse. [Mark xi, 20-23.]

If Jesus acted unwisely in this one instance and was right in all others,
he is neither an infallible God nor a perfect pattern for mankind.

Forgiveness

The conventional Jesus is emblematic of supreme kindness and forgiveness,
but in reality he was far from lenient in many instances, nor did he
advocate forgiveness for certain offenses.

"Moreover if thy brother shall trespass against thee ... tell it unto the
church: but if he neglect to hear the church, let him be unto thee as a
heathen man and a publican." ['Matt. xviii, 15-17.]

In the parable of Dives and Lazarus, Abraham was represented as Justified
in not forgiving the rich man tortured in hell, or even in saving the rich
man's brothers as requested by the victim of Jesus' policy of punishment.

Again Jesus said: "Whosoever shall deny me before men, him will I also deny
before my Father." [Matt. x, 33.] "Whosoever shall blaspheme against the
Holy Ghost hath never forgiveness." [Mark iii, 29.]

All the wicked were condemned by Jesus to eternal punishment with no chance
of forgiveness.

Vituperation

Jesus was often vehement in his language to an extent hardly compatible
with gentleness of character.

"O generation of vipers! how can ye, being evil, speak good things?" [Matt.
xii, 34.]

"Woe unto you, hypocrites, for ye compass sea and land to make one
proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him two-fold more the child of hell
than yourselves." [Matt. xxiii, 15.]

"Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of
hell?" [Matt. xxiii, 33.]

"If I should say I know him not, I shall be a liar like unto you." [John
viii, 55.]

"All that ever came before me are thieves and robbers." [John x, 8.]

"Ye fools and blind." [Matt. xxiii, 17.]

This language may have been necessary, in Jesus' opinion, to convince his
hearers of their sins, but such vituperation does not become a modern
ethical teacher.

Destruction of Property

Two acts of Jesus, consistent with his disregard of worldly goods, were
destructive in character.

"And there was a good way off from them a herd of many swine feeding. So
the devils besought him, saying, If thou cast us out, suffer us to go away
into the herd of swine. And he said unto them, Go. And when they were come
out, they went into the herd of swine: and, behold, the whole herd of swine
ran violently down a steep place into the sea, and perished in the waters."
[Matt. viii, 28-34.]

Jesus did what the devils requested, cruelly killing two thousand
inoffensive valuable animals that belonged to other people.

"Jesus went up to Jerusalem, and found in the temple those that sold oxen
and sheep and doves, and the changers of money sitting: and when he had
made a scourge of small cords, he drove them all out of the temple, and the
sheep and the oxen; and poured out the changers' money, and overthrew the
tables."

Jesus has been defended for other acts on the ground that he was living in
less civilized times than our own, but here he is seen offending both
ancient and modern sensibilities. The destruction of the swine and the
routing of the merchants were sensational and erratic exhibitions. If
reformers today should destroy herds of animals, except to protect public
health by due process of law, or overthrow banks, they would be liable to
arrest in any city of Christendom. Therefore the consensus of opinion
denies exoneration to Jesus for his spasmodic resort to direct action.

Egotism

If Jesus was not God, but merely the ideal man, his estimate of himself was
excessive. In addition to his remarks already quoted there are many other
instances of an exaggerated ego.

"If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and
children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot
be my disciple." [Luke xiv, 26.]

"Whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die." [John xi, 26.]

"If ye believe not that I am he, ye shall die in your sins. [John viii,
24.]

"I am the light of the world." [John viii, 12.]

"I am the Son of God." [John x, 36.]

"I am the resurrection and the life." [John xi, 25.]

If Jesus was correct in claiming that he was the Messiah, if he could
control the elements and send people to heaven or hell, he was justified in
any extreme remarks; but not if he were merely a man. Every person is
entitled to have as good an opinion of himself as his character and ability
warrant, but expressions of his own worth are unseemly even if true, and
are inexcusable if exaggerated. As Jesus himself said (though this
authority is only for believers) testimony about oneself is unreliable.

Jesus not only claimed to be more than a man, he threatened his hearers
with death if they did not agree with him. All of which might be
permissible if he were God, but was an egotistical illusion if he was
merely human.

Lack of Courtesy

Jesus did not always exhibit the courtesy one would expect of a gentleman,
or even of a nature's nobleman.

The first instance of lack of consideration was when he slipped away from
his parents, causing them unnecessary anxiety: "Son, why hast thou thus
dealt with us? behold thy father and I have sought thee sorrowing. [Luke
ii, 48.] He had remained behind to study Hebrew theology and did not tell
his parents, presumably because he thought they would not have permitted
the venture.

Another instance was found in his daily life:

"A certain Pharisee besought him to dine with him: and he went in, and sat
down to meat. And when the Pharisee saw it, he marvelled that he had not
first washed before dinner. And the Lord said unto him, Now do ye Pharisees
make clean the outside of the cup and the platter; but your inward part is
full of ravening and wickedness. Ye fools ..." [Luke xi, 37-40.]

Jesus had not only failed to wash as was expected of a guest, but defended
his uncleanliness and abused his host.

At another time Jesus was discourteous to his mother:

"And when they wanted wine, the mother of Jesus saith unto him, They have
no wine. Jesus saith unto her, Woman, what have I to do with thee?" [John
ii, 4.]

Jesus was apparently annoyed at his mother's interference, though he
followed her suggestion. He did not set a good example for children in
addressing their mothers.

When the Syrophenician woman asked him to help her daughter, "Jesus saith
unto her, Let the children first be filled: for it is not meet to take the
children's bread, and to cast it unto the dogs. And she answered and said
unto him, Yes, Lord: yet the dogs under the table eat of the children's
crumbs. And he said unto her, For this saying go thy way; the devil is gone
out of thy daughter." [Mark vii, 25-29.]

Jesus practically admitted that he had made a mistake in speaking unkindly
to a Gentile. Her clever answer induced him to change his decision. A
physician who called a stranger's child a dog would now be considered
brutal even in a free hospital.

"And another of his disciples said unto him, Lord, suffer me first to go
and bury my father. But Jesus said unto him, Follow me; and let the dead
bury their dead." [Matt. viii, 21-22.]

Jesus could have allowed the man to attend his father's funeral and follow
him later. Would not that have set a better precedent?

When Peter intervened to protect Jesus, the latter "turned, and said unto
Peter, Get thee behind me, Satan: thou art an offence unto me." [Matt. xvi,
23,]

Even though Jesus was determined to go on with the sacrifice, he could have
been more appreciative of his best friend's suggestion.

Unethical Advice

When the unjust steward cheated his employer, Jesus gave the following
remarkable advice:

"And the lord commended the unjust steward, because he had done wisely: for
the children of this world are in their generation wiser than the children
of light.

And I say unto you, Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of
unrighteousness; that, when ye fall, they may receive you into everlasting
habitations." [Luke xvi, 1-9.]

This passage should be read again before deciding whether Jesus advised
opportunism rather than morality. The words must be taken as they are; no
interpretation can be based upon the assumption that Jesus was always right
and therefore meant something different from what he said.

Sermon On The Mount

Many Christians say that they care nothing for theology; that the Sermon on
the Mount contains all that is necessary for a religious life, being a
perfect system of ethics.

The Sermon on the Mount does contain many admirable principles, but also
some that are inferior to present standards. Few of the people who praise
this Sermon would think it proper to abide by all the teachings therein.
Christian parents do not wish their children to follow either the letter or
the spirit of this famous preachment. It begins in the fifth chapter of
Matthew.

"Blessed are the poor in spirit." Is it better to be poor in spirit than
rich and eager in spirit? Being poor in spirit is to be faint of heart.
This is bad advice, is It not?

"Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted." This means that
those who mourn on earth will be comforted in heaven; but now that life on
earth has assumed greater importance, so far as our daily conduct is
concerned, than life in heaven, the philosophy of gloom is unfortunate.
Jesus preached acceptance of unhappiness as the common lot of man; he
should not therefore be credited with providing happiness on earth. His
urge to rejoice was usually in anticipation of good things to come in the
next world. He preached sorrow for all here rather than the greater
happiness for the greater number.

"There shall be famines, and pestilences, and earthquakes in divers places.
All these are the beginning of sorrows. Then shall they deliver you up to
be afflicted, and shall kill you: and ye shall be hated of all nations for
my name's sake ... and because iniquity shall abound, the love of many
shall wax cold. But he that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be
saved." [Matt. xxiv, 7-13.]

"Blessed are ye that weep now: for ye shall laugh." [Luke vi, 21.]

The beatitude, "Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth" is
of doubtful accuracy or value. The commands to pluck out an eye or cut off
a hand may not have been intended literally, although it does appear as if
Jesus referred to the physical body, and men have often so interpreted
these doubtful instructions.

Jesus said that "Whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth
adultery", which is no longer true. Those who permit remarriage after
divorce should admit an error on Jesus' part.

"But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil." This instruction should be
reversed, should it not? Evil should be resisted in every possible way that
does not involve evil in itself. What modern ethical teacher will say that
evil should not be resisted, or that this advice of Jesus was perfection?
If his instruction was intended to refer to physical resistance, then no
righteous person should fight in any war, no police should be delegated to
arrest criminals. If the phrase has merely a spiritual meaning, it is
certainly unsound advice, for evil should be overcome by good.

A fanatical attitude towards the law was recommended when Jesus said: "If
any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat, let him have thy
cloak also." Extreme generosity and non- resistance are taught, but the
illustration was not well thought out, for if the man had already won his
suit and taken the coat, it is evident that the owner of the coat had put
up a legal fight instead of giving away his coat and cloak as Jesus implies
he should. Yielding more than a legal opponent wins in court is not
compatible with defending the suit, nor is it a principle that would meet
the approval of most of Jesus' followers today.

"Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is
perfect." If Jesus referred to Jehovah as his Father in heaven, the
standard of perfection advocated was very low, for Jehovah was, as Thomas
Jefferson put it, cruel, vindictive, capricious and unjust."

The Lord's Prayer is not the simple, clear, devotional petition that is
usually supposed. Take it literally, as was undoubtedly intended, and its
irrelevance to actual life is at once apparent.

"Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come.
Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven". This is a proper invocation
only if there is a heaven in which God's will is done. None such has been
discovered.

"Give us this day our daily bread" indicates that God would not give our
dally sustenance without being asked, whereas there is no apparent
distinction in actual living between those who pray for bread and those who
do not.

"And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors" intimates that divine
forgiveness is not to be superior to that of men.

"And lead us not into temptation" -- as if God were anxious to lead us
there and would be deterred by our prayer.

It may seem like petty cavil to criticize the prayer that has been
acclaimed for many centuries as ideal, but, seriously, what valuable
principle for guidance through life does the Lord's Prayer contain? Do its
requests represent the best modern conception of prayer as an inward
aspiration rather than as petitionary? Is it not vain repetition to recite
it again and again?

The general idea of offering prayer in order to obtain various needs
presents the difficulty of reconciling the conception of an omnipotent,
all-foreseeing God with the contradictory theory of a Father who requires
prayer before caring for his children, an almighty God who will be turned
from his course by human petitions. Man can do wonders in the war of
conquering nature, but he has not been able to alter natural laws, nor is
there any evidence that such laws have been changed at any time in answer
to prayer.

If the Lord's Prayer is not essential for man's welfare in the world, we
may conclude that Jesus over-emphasized its importance.

One of the most important portions of the Sermon on the Mount is the advice
regarding worldly possessions. Nothing in the teaching of Jesus is more
definite than his instructions regarding wealth. He strikes an admirable
note when he says, "What is a man profited if he gain the whole world and
lose his own soul? ... A man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the
things which he possesseth." This general principle is sadly needed in the
modern money-seeking world, but the teachings of Jesus on economics go much
further, far beyond anything the best people of today are willing to
follow.

"Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink;
nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on ... Take therefore no thought
for the morrow." ["Matt. vi, 25-34.]

These commands, taken literally as Jesus intended, would lead to infinite
trouble. Men are obliged to take thought for the morrow; if they do not
they will fail to survive. In Jesus' plan provision for the earthly future
was of no importance because of the imminence of eternal life, but now it
is considered one's duty to provide for old age.

This mistake of Jesus cannot be explained away by saying that Jesus was
right and that man falls short of the counsel of perfection given by the
Master. No, there are few indeed who will say that it would be right to
shape their financial life as Jesus advised. If they do not believe it
right to follow his instructions, definite as they are on this subject,
they must admit that he was wrong. Either thrift is now unrighteous, or
Jesus is not a dependable guide for modern life.

The following instructions have little meaning now except for Roman
Catholics. "But thou, when thou fastest, anoint thy head, and wash thy
face, that thou appear not unto men to fast, but unto thy Father which is
in secret: and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly."

Another portion of the Sermon holds out false hopes that cannot be
substantiated: "For everyone that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh
findeth." Is there any virtue in thus deceiving the people regarding the
possibilities of prayer?

"Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye
even so to them." This is the famous Golden Rule that has been heralded as
one of the most original portions of Jesus' teachings. But Jesus admitted
that he did not first state this rule when he said, "for this is the law
and the prophets." [Matt. vii, 12.]

Confucius, born in 551 B.C., several times announced the rule, "What you do
not like when done to yourself, do not to others." This negative statement
is less effective than the Jewish rule, but both are admirable regardless
of who first formulated them. The Golden Rule is as valuable coming from
the Hebrew fathers as if Jesus had originated it.

The Golden Rule, however, is not perfect. It is one of the best rules of
the ancients, showing the desirability of reciprocity, but it does not
demand that our desires be always just, nor does it insure that what we
want done to ourselves will always be what others most need. It would be
consistent with the Golden Rule for a convivial man to entertain his
prohibition friends at a speakeasy, or for a Catholic to take his Atheist
guests to dally mass. Possibly an even better rule than judging others by
ourselves would be to do unto others what best pleases them.

Inconsistency

"The Son of man goeth as it is written of him: but woe unto that man by
whom the Son of man is betrayed! it had been good for that man if he had
not been born." [Matt. xxvi, 24.]

Apparently the arrangement between Jehovah and Jesus was that Jesus should
not give himself up as a sacrifice voluntarily but should be betrayed by
someone else; and yet, although the betrayal was desired, the man who
assisted was to be condemned.

The sacrificial plan for salvation was continued to the end in order that
"the Scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled. [Matt. xxvi, 56.]

The scriptures were Jewish, so this is additional proof that Jesus,
rejected by the Jews, considered himself the predicted Jewish Messiah.
While the Jews expected a Messiah, there is no clear prediction of Jesus in
the Old Testament.

Fear

Jesus said, "Be not afraid of them that kill the body"; but when threatened
with bodily injury himself, he was afraid. "Then took they up stones to
cast at him: but Jesus hid himself." [John viii, 59.] "Then the Pharisees
went out, and held a council against him, how they might destroy him. But
when Jesus knew it, he withdrew himself from thence." ["Matt. xii, 14-15.]

This avoidance of physical injury may have been due to a desire to postpone
his end until the proper time, as indicated by "Mine hour is not yet come",
but when the time did come, Jesus did not bear his approaching death
bravely, as Socrates did when about to drink the cup of hemlock. Jesus was
much afraid, "and prayed, saying, Father, if thou be willing, remove this
cup from me: nevertheless, not my will but thine be done." [Luke xxii, 42.]

He was resolved to go through with the painful experience at any cost but
was much more frightened than many a mortal man, though he had a greater
cause to sustain him than martyrs who have suffered uncomplainingly; for he
believed that his sacrifice would save the world: "and there appeared an
angel unto him from heaven, strengthening him. And being in an agony he
prayed more earnestly: and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood
falling down to the ground." [Luke xxii, 44.]

After saying, "The hour is come, that the Son of man should be glorified
... He that loveth his life shall lose it", he again showed terror: "Now is
my soul troubled; and what shall I say? Father, save me from this hour, but
for this cause came I unto this hour." [John xii, 23-27.]

It is to be noted that God did not answer the prayer of Jesus, though Jesus
had said that God would always answer prayers in his name. Jesus recognized
his failure to obtain the answer, saying on the cross, "My God, my God, why
hast thou forsaken me?" [Mark xv, 34]

Failure

Many a good man is a failure from a worldly point of view, but failure is
not what one would wish to copy. Jesus sought to save the world. Surely no
one looking at the world today can say that he succeeded. His plan of
salvation was a failure; it did not work out as Jehovah and Jesus intended.
An ideal teacher is needed now almost as much as two thousand years ago. If
the world is gradually improving, as seems probable, it is in spite of the
superstitions of the past, not because of them.

At one time Jesus denied his own perfection, saying: "Why callest thou me
good? there is none good but one, that is, God." [Matt. xix, 17.]

Christian parents who hold Jesus up to their children as a paragon would
not wish their sons to grow up to be just like Jesus. He is not an
acceptable prototype. Jesus did not provide the knowledge so much needed by
man to enable him to shape his course through life. No one knows how to
live correctly, how best to meet each situation, what action is suited to
the occasion. Jesus did not tell us what to do. His sayings are interpreted
in many different ways. He failed to predict the needs of the future.

Jesus did not explain relations between man and wife, nor between employer
and employee, nor how to educate children, nor how to preserve health, nor
how to make a living, nor how to prevent war, poverty and suffering. Jesus
gave little practical information, and his spiritual advice was not clearly
enough expressed to enable man to apply it to modern conditions. Jesus
neglected to instruct people how to live. His knowledge of the world was
less than that of the average American citizen.

Conclusion

THE historicity of Jesus has been discussed in many books and pamphlets.
Whether Jesus lived or not depends upon what is meant by that phrase. If
one is satisfied that there was a peripatetic philosopher named Jesus who
was the son of a woman named Mary and who lived and taught around
Jerusalem, uttering some, but not all, of the words attributed to him, then
Jesus may be said to have lived. There can be no serious objection to the
acceptance of that Jesus as an actual personage even though he was ignored
by secular historians and though the time and place of his birth and death
are in doubt.

On the other hand, if there never was such a person as the Jesus described
in the New Testament -- a man born of a virgin, superior to natural laws,
able to walk on the water, and change the course of nature, performing
miracles, casting out devils, a man who never erred, who was crucified,
rose from the dead and ascended bodily into heaven where he now sits to
judge the world -- if there was no such man-God as the Jesus of the
gospels, some may hesitate to say that Jesus ever lived.

Jesus A Myth

Sincere Evolutionists who discredit miracles, must need to consider the
gospel Jesus as a myth. This does not Mean that Jesus had no reality, but
that the original facts have been so enlarged upon that the principal
features of his life are more fanciful than real. If you eliminate from the
life of Jesus as unhistorical his birth, his miracles, his theological
teachings, his resurrection, ascension and messianic mission, the Christ no
longer exists. Jesus would have attracted no attention were it not for the
very circumstances which Modernists admit were mythical.

Judged By His Works

Whether Jesus was God, or man, or myth, he can be judged by his works, as
he himself recommended. If he is found to be perfect in word and deed, it
makes little difference whether he lived or not. As a symbol he can be
revered and copied. But if Jesus is now seen to be the product of his
times, representing the virtues and defects of his biographers, with no
vision beyond their ken, his authority is gone.

Not only will the divinity of Jesus be discredited if he was found to have
been occasionally in error, but his value as a guide to life will be
impaired. What will be the result of this radical change? None of the
beautiful ideals or sound ethical principles attributed to Jesus will be
lost. Not one saying or counsel of valuable advice need go. Not one evil
thought need take the place of that which was good. In fact, the finest
qualities of existence will be more vital in our lives when their
realization becomes of primary importance instead of being subordinate to
worship of the supernatural. Principles are superior to persons. A dead
personality remains unchanged; live ethical principles can be developed by
more complete knowledge of evolutionary processes.

Ethical Evolution

Evolution has been progressing along ethical as well as physical lines. To
the teachings of Jesus, once considered perfection, have been added many
newly discovered principles of value, for knowledge is cumulative. All the
best thoughts of the ages are ours forever, no matter who first originated
or expressed them.

Whatever the plan of the universe may be, it is more nearly comprehended
now than in Jesus' time. Twentieth century events are more dependable in
forming our philosophy of life than those of the first century. The failure
to grasp this fact is the death knell of orthodox religion. Every existing
religious sect has founded its spirituality upon events supposed to have
occurred in the past. Christianity depends upon the direct creation, fall
of man and life of an atoning Savior, all physical in character. Our new
metaphysics will be based upon conditions existing today and that will be
revealed by science in the future. The geologists, embryologists,
biologists and astronomers of 1932 have more information about nature than
Jesus had. On that knowledge can be founded a system of living superior to
the Sermon on the Mount.

Our own time is the most dependable era of revelation. We can safely accept
whatever stands accredited after thorough examination, including all
teachings of Jesus that are admirable. A modern person with religious zeal
has confidence that the world is ordered along consistent lines and will
respond favorably to man's best efforts to solve the true way of living.
The scientific mind and the religious spirit are complementary. Religion,
instead of being a system of handed-down sanctity, may become an inspired
revelation to each individual -- a religion of the spirit of the modern
world.

As the spirit derived from Truth is superior to that based upon credulity,
the new doctrines that supplant the old may be expected to excel any that
have preceded them. Anyone may be as spiritual as the proved facts permit.

If the world has been improving physically and ethically, we can have
confidence that whatever knowledge is necessary for our salvation is
available to each of us now. No living God has died; no great principle has
been lost. Instead of depending upon Jesus in an unthinking manner, we must
seek the Truth wherever it is found and follow wherever it may lead
regardless of consequences. This requires more courage than professing
Jesus, whose teachings can be construed to mean whatever the reader
desires. While the majority regard Jesus as an ascetic, a reformer, opposed
to business and joviality, Bruce Barton has convinced thousands that Jesus
was the great business man, rotarian and advertiser.

Gains, Not Losses

Among the compensations that may supplant the loss of Jesus as an ideal are
the thrill at being a pioneer in striving for the welfare of the human race
rather than for individual salvation; the satisfaction at having a
consistent creed that can be maintained against all criticism without
hypocrisy or evasion; emancipation from inhibitions required by a
supposedly divine teacher. Every pleasure is not a sin, but rejection of
theology does not imply indifference to evil. Science warns against excess
as strongly as any ancient command. The fear of natural or man-decreed
punishment in this world is as potent as the dread of eternal torment
threatened by Jesus.

If Jesus really was the sort of personage described in the Bible; if he
really was born of a virgin, controlled the elements and had power to
condemn unbelievers to eternal damnation, all people should obey his every
word. He should be followed literally; we should sell all our possessions
and take no thought for the morrow. But if Jesus was not that sort of a
person; if he was neither a supernatural God nor an infallible man, he
should not be worshipped as a redeeming Savior nor be followed as a true
guide for human conduct.

Our faith shifts with careful examination of the scriptures from belief in
Jesus to confidence that the world is a far pleasanter abode than Jesus
imagined. Without reliance upon the authority of Jesus we can adopt a code
which will prove comparatively effective in leading towards a wholesome
life.

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Code Of Living

  1. Keep the body strong that the most efficient work may be done, the
     greatest happiness obtained during life and a wholesome inheritance
     passed on to future generations.

  2. Cultivate the mind, learning as many important facts as possible,
     striving to become expert in some particular field of endeavor.

  3. Develop a scientific spirit, the essential characteristic of which is
     a search for Truth in the light of evidence and reason. Do not deceive
     yourself or others.

  4. Base your spiritual concepts on the latest developments of Evolution.
     Be prepared to change your philosophy to conform to the consensus of
     scientific opinion.

  5. Conduct all human relationships in a spirit of tolerance and love,
     having proper consideration for others, not presuming to control their
     lives.

  6. Treat the opposite sex honorably, respecting their complementary
     qualities, with due regard for succeeding generations.

  7. Endeavor to embody in the laws of the community the spirit of equity
     and progress.

  8. Strive for an economic system under which each individual shall be
     rewarded according to his or her value to society.

  9. Avoid the use of physical force for personal revenge or national
     aggrandizement, having learned from experience that reason triumphs
     while brutality degrades.

 10. Hold yourself in readiness to accept new revelations.

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Luther Burbank wrote concerning the above code on November 11, 1925:

     "I am greatly pleased with your code of living ... The false ancient
     theology has past or is rapidly passing with intelligent people at the
     present time. It is not applicable to our conditions and is of no more
     value than a worn-out suit of clothes."

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