Lesson 16
paxamoi seltadni
Elision
cmavo nalnunsku
Now that we have presented tense and tanru, it is possible to more
usefully discuss when it is permissible to elide the various
terminating markers.
Note that Lojban's structures are unambiguous primarily because
anytime there is a conflict, a possibility of two interpretations for
a structure, one of the interpretations uses cmavo as parenthesis that
uniquely identify one of the structures.
Lojban allows elision of the terminators, the right parentheses cmavo,
in some circumstances. The circumstances when elision is permitted
are defined by the rather loose condition of 'whenever it causes no
ambiguity'. The definition isn't quite circular, but there is
probably no Lojbanist that can define the conditions in any more clear
fashion. You will simply have to learn from experience when you are
able to elide, though in this section we will give you the major known
elidables and some obvious places where they can be elided.
There is no inherent stigma in putting in unnecessary or elidable
terminators. In fact, in 'noisy environments', it is preferable to
provide the redundancy inherent to these elidables. Similarly, you
can use the elidables to match rhythm and/or phrasing in song or
poetry, as we did with "boi" in the song in Lesson 3.
Why elide at all? Well, you've seen some of the more complex
sentences - those with nested abstracted descriptions have a series of
alternating "ku"s and "kei"s at the end of the highest-level sumti.
Do you want to have to count when it isn't necessary? Similarly,
would you like to have to put the elided "vau" at the end of every
bridi, including abstracted ones, and to put "vau" at the end of every
piece of text, including each piece of quoted text? Then there are
the "boi"s at the end of each number. You would find that the
elidable terminators take up a significant portion of any moderately
complex sentence.
If you couldn't elide, you would be strongly disinclined to express
complex statements. The language would be unusable for many kinds of
communication. Most important, the 'logical' communication that
Lojban is supposed to make easier would be among the most seriously
afflicted by all of these terminators.
So when can we elide? Let us look at each of the terminators in turn,
and see what we can identify about their possible elidable locations.
One point before proceeding. Several of the rules for elisions deal
with what comes after the possibly elidable terminator. When we talk
about what comes after, there are certain 'grammarless' things that
must be ignored. The only ones we have presented thus far are the
metalinguistic erasers ("si", "sa", and "su") and the stuff that each
erases, and the members of selma'o UI, which include attitudinal
indicators, "ki'a", and "xu". There are a few others that we will
eventually describe, but they occur rarely. Just skip past any of
these and look at what comes after them in determining elision.
When we refer to the following unit being a brivla, you should include
in that set of possible units all of those constructs that can act
like a brivla. This includes tanru and all of the various tanru units
discussed in this lesson. It also includes "mo", and "go'i", which
can be used anywhere a brivla can. We will later see other things
that have grammar identical to a brivla.
16.1
Elision of vau
me zo vau nalnunsku
"vau" can be elided any time. The only time it might possibly be
required is when you want to attach a vocative in afterthought onto
the end of a sentence so that it applies to the whole sentence and not
just the final word. Otherwise, "vau" is rendered superfluous (except
in circumstances beyond the scope of this text) by one of the other
indicators of the end of a sentence: ".i" (which actually starts the
next sentence) or possibly an end of text-quote mark "li'u" or "le'u".
Remember that the pause at the end of speech is ambiguous. No one
knows for sure that you are really done with the sentence until you
start another, give up the floor, end the quotation, or use "vau" to
explicitly end the sentence.
16.2
Elision of End Quotes "li'u" and "le'u"
me zo li'u .e zo le'u nalnunsku
"le'u", which quotes possibly ungrammatical Lojban text (the words
must be valid Lojban, though the text need not be grammatical) can
never be elided under any circumstances.
"li'u" is the end mark for a quote that the speaker is 'certifying' is
grammatical. To be safe, you should use the same rules as for "le'u":
don't elide it. Technically however, there are places where it
theoretically can be elided simply because the resulting text is
ungrammatical if the quote is not inserted at precisely the correct
point. It would be difficult at this point to give you an example of
such an instance because there are very few such situations, and most
involve grammar that we haven't yet presented.
16.3
Elision of "boi"
me zo boi nalnunsku
We have said that "boi" can be elided following a number if there
isn't another number following it. Actually, there cannot be a cmavo
representing a lerfu (a letter of the alphabet, or a special symbol),
either. We haven't presented too many ways to have numbers run
together in this way yet, but you can no doubt clearly see that
without the "boi" in such cases, you would just keep reading the
digits of the second number as part of the first number.
Given that you won't see this within the grammar you know, except when
counting, consider it safe to elide "boi".
16.4
Elision of "ke'e"
me zo ke'e nalnunsku
The only circumstances in which "ke'e" may always be elided is at the
end of the selbri. However, that position is in fact one of the most
usual places for "ke'e" to appear; tanru of the form "cenba ke karce
stizu [ke'e]" are the most common kind of ke/ke'e.
If the following word after the "ke'e" is a brivla, then eliding the
"ke'e" will cause that following brivla to be added to the end of the
grouped tanru, 'inside' the "ke'e" bracket. The listener will hear a
longer tanru and infer that the "ke'e" is at the end of that. Thus,
ke/ke'e grouping is said to default to 'long scope'.
If your ke/ke'e grouping is nested, of course, things get more
complicated. You may end up with two or more adjacent "ke'e"s. You
then need to determine whether a following brivla will be absorbed or
not. If it won't be, you can elide; this may not be obvious. When in
doubt, don't elide.
16.5
Elision of "kei"
me zo kei nalnunsku
"kei" is used only at the end of abstracted bridi. Before the "kei",
there is always a "vau" which you may or may not have elided. If you
did not elide the "vau", you can probably elide the "kei". If you did
elide the "vau", there are three possibilities:
- the abstracted bridi may have no sumti after the selbri; the "kei" is thus coming right after a brivla
(or another elidable "kei" as just described for negation and
grouping; - the abstracted bridi may end in a sumti which is a simple
description; the sumti then ends in a brivla followed by a "ku" which
you will probably want to elide as described below; - the abstracted
bridi may end in a name, a number description or a pro-sumti.
In the first two of these cases, you can probably see that eliding the
"kei" would cause absorption of a following brivla onto the end of the
abstracted bridi. In all three cases, eliding the "kei" would cause
absorption of a following sumti onto the end of the abstracted bridi.
At the end of sentences, before an un-elided "cu", and before a tense
cmavo, none of these three abstraction cases will absorb the following
word, and you can always elide, given the grammar that we have covered
so far. We will see later that there are circumstances when a tense
cmavo could cause problems; for now, it is not recommended that you
elide a "kei" from an abstracted bridi if the following word is a
tense cmavo.
Let us now look at examples of how these elision criteria work in four
major grammatical situations in which "kei" can occur.
16.5.1
When "kei" is being used to end a construct which is wholly contained
within a selbri, generally a tanru, and the "kei" occurs at the end of
the selbri/tanru, it can be elided except when sumti for the selbri
occur afterwards. We can see why you cannot elide by looking at an
example:
brivla nu klama [vau] kei le sumti [ku]
Because we did not elide, the tanru is delimited as "brivla nu klama
[vau] kei", and "le sumti" is the x2 sumti of that tanru, which is
taken as a selbri. If, on the other hand, we omit the "kei" (and
elide the "vau" as well), "le sumti" would end up being included in
the unterminated event abstraction bridi, and would hence be part of
the tanru/selbri:
brivla nu klama le sumti [ku] [vau] [kei]
Note that if we elide the "kei" we are not in trouble unless we also
elide the "vau". Thus, the tanru is properly terminated with:
brivla nu klama vau [kei] le sumti [ku]
16.5.2
The second case is when a "kei" occurs at the end of the final sumti
before a "cu" or a tense which marks the start of the selbri to which
the "kei"-terminated sumti is attached. In this case, the "cu" or the
time or space tense cmavo cannot be absorbed into the sumti, and the
sumti is properly terminated. It is circumstances like this that make
"cu" nice as a certain marker of the selbri. Without the "cu" or
tense, you need the "kei".
le nu klama [vau] [kei] [ku] cu bilma
le nu klama cu bilma
le nu klama [vau] [kei] [ku] [cu] ba bilma
le nu klama ba bilma
le nu klama [vau] kei [ku] [cu] bilma
le nu klama kei bilma
You can also elide the "kei" by including the "vau" instead, as
described above. As we will see below, not eliding the "ku" will also
work in this case.
16.5.3
The third case is when the kei is found at the end of an abstracted
sumti which is followed by another sumti or "vau" or "zo'e". In this
case, the "kei" cannot be elided since the following sumti will be
absorbed into the tanru/bridi that the "kei" would otherwise have
terminated:
mi [cu] denpa le nu klama [vau] kei [ku] ta
mi denpa (le nu klama kei) ta
Without the "kei", and without inserting "ku" or "vau" (either would
work in this case, just as in case 3), the "ta" gets absorbed in the
abstraction bridi
16.5.4
The final case is that of a "kei" which occurs at the end of the last
sumti of a sentence, or at the end of a selbri with no following
sumti. In this case, the same situation applies as for "vau" and
"fa'o". The next sentence, if any, cannot be absorbed.
16.6
Elision of "ku"
me zo ku nalnunsku
"ku" is found at the end of every description sumti, and thus every
sumti that is not a single word, a name, or a quote. Because of the
complexity of "ku", nearly every single sentence must be carefully
examined to determine where "ku" is needed. The same is true for the
listener trying to interpret a sentence with "ku"s. As such, whenever
we can elide a "ku" by not eliding something else, we do so. There is
usually another alternative; we have seen how "kei" and "vau" can
serve.
One place a "ku" can definitely be elided is before a "cu" or tense on
a selbri. "ku" can also be elided at the end of sentences, and at the
end of simple descriptions that have sumti following them. In
general, for the uses of "ku" that you've seen, the only place where a
"ku" would be necessary would be if the following word is a brivla,
and we haven't seen such a case.
You can always put in a possibly elidable "ku" to be sure, especially
in a complex-structured sentence. In general however, it is
unaesthetic to have Lojban sound too "ku ku", especially when it can
usually be avoided.
16.7
Omission of "cu"
me zo cu nalnunsku
The main way that "ku ku" is avoided is by the use of "cu". Without
"cu", the bare selbri would be the only place where a sumti
description might be followed by a brivla. If that sumti before the
selbri is complicated, we might need several "ku"s and "kei"s to
properly terminate it so that it doesn't absorb the selbri into the
description. By putting in "cu", we separate the sumti from the
selbri. "cu" is thus actually a separator rather than a terminator,
and we speak of omitting it rather than eliding it. (In our Lojban,
however, we use the same word, nalnunsku, or 'non-expression'.)
"cu" can be omitted, as we've said, whenever the selbri is marked with
a tense.
"cu" can also be omitted when the previous sumti is properly
terminated so that it cannot absorb the selbri. We have shown above
that this may be possible in certain circumstances where "kei" or
"vau" is used.
The final places where "cu" can be omitted, is when the final sumti
before the selbri is a pro-sumti of some variety, a name ended by a
pause (the only kind we've seen so far), or a number description
marked with "li". In these cases, the selbri clearly cannot be
absorbed into the sumti as part of a tanru.
16.8
Summary
***
You can see that much of the complexity of elision is resolved simply
by knowing whether what follows is a sumti or a brivla/tanru. Certain
constructs will absorb each of these if not properly terminated. Use
of the various 'elidable' terminators when required allows you to be
certain that the structure of the sentence is unambiguously that which
you want.
Your most effective tools for maximizing elision while remaining clear
are the tenses, the word "cu", and the words "kei" and "vau" in that
order. Use them freely to resolve structures. Use the terminators
whenever you aren't sure they can be elided. better an extra word
than an ambiguity.
Exercise 16-1
larnuntoi paxapi'epamoi
Perform the following manipulations in order, using elision wherever
possible to shorten the text, while retaining the structures intact.
Start with "mi klama"
1. substitute selbri "sutra bajra"
2. substitute x1 "le prenu"
3. substitute selbri "denpa"
4. substitute x2 "le nu klama"
5. substitute x3 "ta"
6. substitute tense "ca"
7. substitute selbri "nu bajra kei denpa"
8. substitute selbri "nu bajra denpa"
9. remove tense
10. substitute selbri "go'i"
16.9
Example Story
mupli lisri
You are encouraged to attempt to translate this yourself before
checking and studying the translation given afterwards. The
translation is not considered an exercise since it serves as an
example of several points that are not otherwise exemplified.
la .alis. cavi kansa la rik. le nu cadzu le tadni nu penmi kei zo'e
le tcadu .i vi djacu carvi .i le re tadni
ca na jundi le carvi .i le tadni ca casnu .i lindi
.i le lindi va pencu le jibni karce .i va danmo le
karce .i .ue le karce va janli le dinju .i la .alis.
vi se jenca sisti le nu klama .i la rik. ca sutra bajra le
karce .i no le karce prenu cu bartu klama
.i la rik. cladu bacru lu ko tavla le spita doi .alis.
.i mi ca facki le ni se xrani li'u
.i la .alis. vu bajra le fonxa .i la rik. cava nenri klama
le karce .i .ui le ci nenri prenu cu jmive .i le
nixli cu klaku
.i la rik. cusku lu do cortu ma li'u
.i le nixli cu na danfu .i la rik. rapli
.i le nixli cu terpa klaku bacru lu .mamtan. li'u
.i la rik. catlu le mamta .i le mamta cava betri se xrani
.i la rik. troci le nu mikce le mamta zo'e le nu
punji le bukpu le se porpi ciblu stedu .i la .alis. ca klama le karce
.i la rik. cusku lu .alis. ko vi kurji le nixli li'u
.i la .alis. cu tavla le nixli .i la rik. ca catlu le patfu
.i le patfu ca se cmoni
.i lu .uu mi xenru .i mi ba lebna le lanzu le karce li'u se cusku le patfu
.i le patfu ca cfari le nu muvdu le mamta .i la rik. rinju le patfu
.i lu ko sisti .i ko na muvdu le se xrani li'u .i le patfu cu sisti
.i lu do drani .i mi ckire do le ka do kurji li'u
.i la .alis. cusku lu .ua le mikce cavi zvati li'u
.i le lanzu cu karce se bevri zo'e le spita .i le re tadni
ca lerci klama le ckule
16.10
Translation Of The Example Story
***
la .alis. [cu] cavi kansa la rik. le nu cadzu le tadni nu penmi
kei [ku] zo'e le tcadu [ku] [kei] [ku]
Alice now-here is-accompanying Rick in-doing the-act-of walking
to the studier's-act-of-meeting (from
something-unspecified) via the city.
Alice is walking to class with Rick via the city.
.i vi djacu carvi
Here, water-rain.
It's raining,
.i le re tadni [ku] [cu] ca na jundi le carvi [ku]
The two students now-aren't-paying-attention to the rain.
but the two don't notice the rain
.i le tadni [ku] [cu] ca casnu
The students at-the-same-time-(as the rain they aren't paying
attention to)-are discussing.
because they are talking together.
.i lindi
Lightning occurs.
Lightning!
.i le lindi [ku] [cu] va pencu le jibni karce [ku]
The lightning there-touches the near-car.
Lightning strikes the car passing nearby.
.i va danmo le karce [ku]
There, smoke from the car.
Smoke rises from the car,
.i .ue le karce [ku] [cu] va janli le dinju [ku]
(Surprise) The car there-collides with the building!
which (Oh!) crashes into the building.
.i la .alis. [cu] vi se jenca sisti le nu klama [kei] [ku]
Alice is-here-shockedly-stopping the-act-of going.
Alice stops in shock,
.i la rik. [cu] ca sutra bajra le karce [ku]
Rick simultaneously-is quickly running to the car.
while Rick runs quickly to the car.
.i no le karce prenu [ku] cu bartu klama
Zero of the car-people are-outside-going.
The people aren't getting out of the car.
.i la rik. [cu] cladu bacru lu ko [cu] tavla le spita [ku] doi .alis.
.i mi [cu] ca facki le ni se xrani [kei] [ku] li'u
Rick loudly-utters "(You-imperative) Talk to the hospital, O Alice.
I will simultaneously discover the-amount-of-injury."
Rick calls "Alice, Call the hospital while I find out how bad they are hurt."
.i la .alis. [cu] vu bajra le fonxa [ku]
Alice yonder-runs to the phone.
Alice runs off to the phone,
.i la rik. [cu] cava nenri klama le karce [ku]
Rick simultaneously-there-inside-goes to the car.
while Rick enters the car.
.i .ui le ci nenri prenu [ku] cu jmive
(Happily) The three inside people live.
Good! The people in the car are still alive.
.i le nixli [ku] cu klaku
The girl is-weep-ing.
The girl is weeping.
.i la rik. [cu] cusku lu do [cu] cortu ma li'u
Rick expresses "You hurt where?"
Rick asks her, "Where does it hurt?"
.i le nixli [ku] cu na danfu
The girl doesn't answer.
but the girl doesn't answer
.i la rik. [cu] rapli
Rick repeats.
so Rick repeats the question.
.i le nixli [ku] cu terpa klaku bacru lu .mamtan. li'u
The girl fearfully-weepingly-utters "Mama".
Fearfully weeping, the girl calls "Mama".
.i la rik. [cu] catlu le mamta [ku]
Rick looks at the mother.
Rick looks at the mother,
.i le mamta [ku] cava betri se xrani
The mother is now-there tragically injured.
who is seriously injured.
.i la rik. [cu] troci le nu mikce le mamta [ku] zo'e le nu punji
le bukpu [ku] le se porpi ciblu stedu [ku] [kei] [ku] [kei] [ku]
Rick tries-to-do the-act-of doctoring the mother (for something unspecified)
by-doing the-act-of putting the cloth on the (broken bloody) head.
Rick attempts first aid by putting a cloth on the mother's fractured,
bleeding head.
.i la .alis. [cu] ca klama le karce [ku]
Alice simultaneously comes to the car.
Alice arrives at the car.
.i la rik. [cu] cusku lu .alis. ko [cu] vi kurji le nixli [ku] li'u
Rick expresses "Alice, (You-imperative) Here-take-care-of the girl."
("Here" is relative to the speaker, who is Rick. In quotation we drop
out of narrative 'story-time and place' to the time-and-place of the
speaker being quoted.) Rick orders "Alice, take care of the girl
here!"
.i la .alis. cu tavla le nixli [ku]
Alice talks to the girl.
Alice talks to the girl,
.i la rik. [cu] ca catlu le patfu [ku]
Rick simultaneously-is-looking-at the father.
while Rick looks at the father,
.i le patfu [ku] [cu] ca se cmoni
The father simultaneously-is-moaning.
who is moaning.
.i lu .uu mi [cu] xenru .i mi [cu] ba lebna le lanzu [ku]
le karce [ku] li'u [cu] se cusku le patfu [ku]
"Ooooh! (Regret!) I regret. I will take the family from the car,"
is-expressed by the father.
"Ooooh, I'm sorry! I've got to get us out of the car!" exclaims the father,
.i le patfu [ku] [cu] ca cfari le nu muvdu le mamta [ku] [kei] [ku]
The father simultaneously-starts the-act-of moving the mother.
as he starts pulling his wife out.
.i la rik. [cu] rinju le patfu [ku]
Rick restrains the father.
Rick stops him, saying
.i lu ko [cu] sisti .i ko [cu] na muvdu le se xrani [ku] li'u
"(You-imperative) Stop! (You-imperative) Don't move the injured!"
"Stop! Don't move her! She's hurt!"
.i le patfu [ku] cu sisti
The father stops.
The father stops, and answers.
.i lu do [cu] drani .i mi [cu] ckire do le ka do kurji [kei] [ku] li'u
"You are-correct. I am-grateful to you for the-quality-of your care."
"You're right! Thank you for taking such good care of us!"
.i la .alis. [cu] cusku lu .ua le mikce [ku] [cu] cavi zvati li'u
Alice expresses "(Discovery) The doctor now-here-is-present-at."
Alice discovers, "The doctor's here now!"
.i le lanzu [ku] cu karce se bevri zo'e le spita [ku]
The family is car-carried (by something-unspecified) to the hospital.
The family is taken by ambulance to the hospital,
.i le re tadni [ku] ca lerci klama le ckule [ku]
The two students simultaneously-late-ly-go to the school.
while the students go to school, late.
Exercise 16-2
Answer the following questions based on the story. Express your
answers in Lojban. Answers will be found at the end of the lesson.
1. xu le tixnu cu se xrani
2. la rik. kajde ma
3. xu le nu snime carvi cu tcima
4. ma pu benji le nuzba le spita
5. li xo pu ni le karce cu vasru
6. xo le lanzu pu morsi
7. xu le nu janli cu snuti
8. pei la rik. virnu
9. ma pu tcima le cadzu
10. xu le mamta pu krixa
11. pei le mamta cu jursa se xrani
12. ma pu terpa
Exercise 16-3
Following are several sentences that have all terminators expressed.
Mark out the ones that can be elided. (If there is a choice, choose
an option with the fewest possible terminators being expressed.) Then
give a translation of the sentence in rough or colloquial English,
using a real-world plausible interpretation for the tanru given.
Answers are given in the back.
1. la rik. cu pu dunda le pinsi ku la .alis. vau
2. pa boi le tadni ku cu danfu lu .ia go'i vau li'u le ctuca ku zo xu vau
3. ti cu na ke sutra se tcidu ke'e cukta le nu bajra vau ke'e ku mi vau
4. le cukta ku cu se badri ciksi le nu snuti xrani vau kei ku vau
5. le ka xamgu vau kei ku cu na se claxu le prenu ku vau
6. le na cilre ku le nu mi cu ciksi vau kei ku cu djica vau
7. le nanla ku cu go'i vau
8. do cu penmi le nu mo vau kei troci ku le zarci ku vau
9. cfipu ke nu mi'o cu blanu vau ke'e catlu ke'e cliva le kumfa ku vau
10. mi cu kurji mipri le nu mi cu nu kecti do vau kei sisti
le nu pilno ti vau kei ku vau kei ku do vau
Answers to Exercise 16-1
Start with "mi klama"
1. substitute selbri "sutra bajra"
mi sutra bajra
2. substitute x1 "le prenu"
le prenu cu sutra bajra
3. substitute selbri "denpa"
le prenu cu denpa
4. substitute x2 "le nu klama"
le prenu cu denpa le nu klama
5. substitute x3 "ta"
le prenu cu denpa le nu klama kei ta
6. substitute tense "ca"
le prenu ca denpa le nu klama kei ta
7. substitute selbri "nu bajra kei denpa"
le prenu ca nu bajra kei denpa le nu klama kei ta
8. substitute selbri "nu bajra denpa"
le prenu ca nu bajra denpa kei le nu klama kei ta
9. remove tense
le prenu cu nu bajra denpa kei le nu klama kei ta
10. substitute selbri "go'i"
le prenu cu go'i le nu klama kei ta
Answers to Exercise 16-2
These are possible answers
1. xu le tixnu cu se xrani
na djuno
2. la rik. kajde ma
go'i le patfu or le patfu
3. xu le nu snime carvi cu tcima
na go'i
4. ma pu benji le nuzba le spita
la .alis. go'i or la .alis.
5. li xo pu ni le karce cu vasru
ci (before Rick enters) vo (after Rick enters)
6. xo le lanzu pu morsi
no or no le lanzu cu go'i
7. xu le nu janli cu snuti
go'i .i'a or go'i
8. pei la rik. virnu
.i'a or .ia na go'i
9. ma pu tcima le cadzu
le nu djacu carvi cu go'i or le nu djacu carvi
10. xu le mamta pu krixa
na go'i
11. pei le mamta cu jursa se xrani
.i'a go'i or .ia go'i or .ia or .i'a
12. ma pu terpa
le nixli pu go'i or le tixnu pu go'i or
le nixli or le tixnu
Answers to Exercise 16-3
1. la rik. cu pu dunda le pinsi ku la .alis. vau
Rick gave the pencil to Alice.
2. pa boi le tadni ku cu danfu lu .ia go'i vau li'u le ctuca ku zo xu vau
pa boi le tadni ku cu danfu lu .ia go'i vau li'u le ctuca ku zo xu vau
One of the students answers "(Certainty) It-is-so." to the
teacher about-the-question "Is-it-true?"
3. ti cu na ke sutra se tcidu ke'e cukta le nu bajra vau kei ku mi vau
ti cu na ke sutra se tcidu ke'e cukta le nu bajra vau kei ku mi vau
ti cu na ke sutra se tcidu ke'e cukta le nu bajra vau kei ku mi vau
This is a not-quickly-read type of book, about the
act-of-running, and by me.
4. le cukta ku cu se badri ciksi le nu snuti xrani vau kei ku vau
le cukta ku cu se badri ciksi le nu snuti xrani vau kei ku vau
The book saddeningly explains the act-of accidentally injuring.
5. le ka xamgu vau kei ku cu na se claxu le prenu ku vau
le ka xamgu vau kei ku cu na se claxu le prenu ku vau
The property-of being-good is-not-lacked by the person.
6. le na cilre ku le nu mi cu ciksi vau kei ku cu djica vau
le na cilre ku le nu mi cu ciksi vau kei ku cu djica vau
The non-learner, of the act-of my explaining, is-a-wanter.
The non-learner wants me to explain.
7. le nanla ku cu go'i vau
le nanla ku cu go'i vau
The boy does-so-also.
8. do cu penmi le nu mo vau kei troci ku le zarci ku vau
do cu penmi le nu mo vau kei troci ku le zarci ku vau
You meet the act-of-what? type-of-try-er at the market.
The one you meet at the market is an attempter of doing what?
9. cfipu ke nu mi'o cu blanu vau kei catlu ke'e cliva le kumfa ku vau
cfipu ke nu mi'o cu blanu vau kei catlu ke'e cliva le kumfa ku vau
(Observation) Confused type of state-of-our-being-blue looker
type of leaving the room.
The person's leaving the room in a manner showing confusion
due to looking at our being blue.
10. mi cu kurji mipri le nu mi cu nu kecti do vau kei sisti
le nu pilno ti vau kei ku vau kei ku do vau
vau kei
vau kei
vau kei ku vau kei ku
vau kei ku vau kei ku
vau kei ku vau kei ku
vau kei ku vau kei ku
vau kei ku vau kei
vau kei ku vau kei ku
mi cu kurji mipri le nu mi cu nu kecti do vau kei sisti
le nu pilno ti vau kei ku vau kei ku do vau
I caretakingly keep-secret the act-of my
act-of-pitying-you-type-of stopping the
act-of-using-this, from you.
I carefully keep secret from you that I, pitying you, stop using this.
4-1
4-1